Sudanese literature
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Culture of Sudan |
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Sudanese literature consists of both
Even though there exist records about historical societies in the area called Sudan, like the Kingdom of Kush in Nubia, little is known about the languages and the oral or written literature of these precursors of the Sudan of today. Moreover, the notion of Bilad al-Sudan, from which the name of the modern country is derived, referred to a much wider geographic region to the south of the Sahara, stretching from western to eastern Central Africa.
Like in many African countries, oral traditions of diverse ethnic or social groups have existed since time immemorial, but a modern written Sudanese literature can only be traced back to the beginning of the 20th century. Through the publication of written literature in Sudanese newspapers and books, as well as aided by
History
Historical precursors of modern literature in Sudan
The oldest existing records of the precursors of a distinctive Sudanese literature can be dated to about 300 BCE and were written in the Meroitic script. These historical records, such as inscriptions on sandstone, bear testimony of the kings of Kush or deities of the Kushite culture in northern Sudan.[2] During the Christianization of Nubia in the sixth century CE, the Kushite language and cursive script were replaced by Byzantine Greek, Coptic, and Old Nubian languages, with texts relating both to religion, to public affairs or to private life. From the fourteenth century onwards, Arabic gradually became the primary language in Nubia and, with the spread of Islam, developed into the main written and spoken language for religious and secular affairs in most other parts of Sudan.[3]
The oral poetic tradition of the northern Nilotic Sudan was mainly expressed in colloquial Sudanese Arabic. Presented orally or in songs, poetry was and still is a fundamental form of literary expression in highly developed and structured forms. Most of the poetry that has survived from the 19th century is in praise of the Prophet and during the Mahdist period, in praise of the Mahdi.[4]
A rare historical record written in the early 19th century by Shaykh Ahmad ibn al-Hajj Abi Ali (b. 1784-5) and other early Sudanese historians is the
Traditional and modern forms of oral literature
Literature in contemporary Sudan is either
"Long before the novel and short story became known as literary genres, Sudanese literature existed in the form of oral stories and narrative poems, most of which, until recently, were transmitted from one generation to the next.", as literary critic Eiman El-Nour put it in her seminal paper The Development of Contemporary Literature in Sudan.[12][13][14]
Among the living oral traditions, there are the Ahaji folk tales and the
Poetry and songs continue to occupy a prominent role in contemporary Sudanese culture. Songs celebrating the beauty of the land, its regions and scenery have been very popular in modern music since at least the 1930s. Before independence, poems and the lyrics of songs were often artistic expressions of nationalism and other political issues.[17] Among others, Khalil Farah (1892–1932) was an important poet, and his patriotic verses have been used in popular songs like "Azza fī Hawāk" (My beloved Azza).[18][19]
During more recent times of political oppression, forms of oral literature have been expressions of resistance towards the rulers of the day, and have even led to the imprisonment or exile of poets like Mahjoub Sharif (1948–2014)[20] or musicians like Mohammed Wardi (1932–2012).[21]
A traditional form of oral poetry are the songs of
In the 21st century, contemporary forms of oral literature in urban settings as an expression of
The beginnings of modern Sudanese literature
Background
In the Sudan, as in other Third World countries, an inherent respect for the spoken word has created an awareness of the intimate links between language, literature and social reality. (...) This awareness of the intimate links between language and society causes the Sudanese writers' conception of literature to be more holistic than the view of his Western counterpart. It is believed that "Art" has always been in the service of man.
— Constance E. Berkley (1981), "The Contours of Sudanese Literature", p. 109.
Moreover, literary scholar Constance E. Berkley states that "Sudanese Arabic literature has links with all Arabic literature, both past and present. At the same time, it is valid in its own right. Among the Sudanese, as among other African and/or Arabic speaking people, poetry is the preferred literary form."[27] On the further issue of writing in Arabic with a distinct Sudanese character, the Sudanese poet and critic Mohammed Abdul-Hayy writes: "Muhammad Ahmed Mahgoub was one of the leading literary spokesmen who (...) expressed the idea of a Sudanese literature 'written in Arabic, but infused with the idiom of our land, because this (idiom) is what distinguishes a literature of one nation from another.'"[28]
Although there were several newspapers published in Sudan around the beginning of the 20th century, like Jaridat al-Sudan, a biweekly paper published in Arabic and English first printed in 1903, arguably the most important newspaper in terms of impact on modern Sudanese literature was Al-Ra'id (The Pioneer). This newspaper, published in Arabic, started in Khartoum, the Sudanese capital, in 1914 and presented a variety of poetry and other literary forms. Its first editor was the well-known poet and journalist Abdul Raheem Glailati. In 1917, the British authorities deported him to Cairo because of his article criticising the poor living conditions of Sudanese. Despite this, he later could publish a collection of revolutionary, nationalist poetry in 1924.[29] In 1934, the literary journal Al Fajr (The Dawn) was founded and became known for publishing the first Sudanese short stories.[17]
Another important factor for the development of written literature in Sudan was the spread of modern
Important literary genres
Apart from poetry, the most prominent
Apart from poetry, the most prominent
Sudan's hybrid cultural identity
This central theme of what it means to be Sudanese is marked in more or lesser degrees by both
Social and political themes
In line with social and political developments in other countries at the time, stories, novels and poems dealing with
After the 1990s, an increasing number of writers included social and political issues by choosing poor and marginalized people as major characters. Thus, Ibrahim Bashir Ibrahim (b. 1958) described people's lives in a suburban slum of Al-Obeid in his novel Al-Zindiyya (1995). Further novels dealing with people living in slums or with the shammasa (street boys) are Dhākirat shirrīr (2005, Memories of a Bad Boy) by Mansour El Souwaim and The Kandarees (2012) by Abdalaziz Baraka Sakin. In a general sense, "marginal characters became a real topos in Sudanese literature, because of their profession, often related to an ethnic origin: the Southern alcohol-seller, the Ethiopian prostitute, the West African healer, and so on. Depicted with empathy, they often play the role of rebels against the political and moral authorities."[39]
A number of authors writing stories with social and political contexts also have included explicit references to Sudan's failures of democracy. Thus, Ahmad al-Malik (b. 1967) presented a typical despot in his Al-Kharīf ya’tī ma‘a Ṣafā’ (2003) (Autumn Comes with Safā), which tells the story of a president through his own memories, "from his coming to power by chance to the eve of his disappearance." Al-Malik further included numerous details of life under dictatorship, "mixing them with fantasy, dream, and humor in a style that recalls magical realism", which helps the author to avoid censorship.[40]
Another novel dealing with dictatorship is Waṭan khalf al-quḍbān (2002) (A Nation behind Bars) by Khālid ‘Uways (b. 1972). Here, the writer does not dwell explicitly on the dictator, but most of all on the system and its victims: His main characters are two women in jail, Rābi‘a and Mary, an educated artist from the North and a servant from the South of the country. By narrating their lives in jail and in the outside world, the novel describes a host of negative influences employed by the regime against its own people. By the characters of Rābi‘a and Mary, ‘Uways shows "that the victims of the regime are both Africans and Arabs, non-Muslims and Muslims."[41]
Similar recurrent themes are the "undeniable and long history of conflict and political turbulence",
According to the editor and translator of The Book of Khartoum,[48] Max Shmookler, Sudanese literature of the late 20th century is characterized by an "association between estrangement (ghurba) and the West (al-gharb)" that "has run deep in Sudanese society and literature."[49] This cultural contrast between a largely conservative society, even in the urban centres, and the growing influence of a globalized world, is reflected in the choice of characters and plots of many contemporary authors. Examples for this contrast and estrangement can be found in Tayeb Salih's Season of Migration to the North, but also in stories about human tragedy, like the pandemic in Amir Taj al-Sir's novel Ebola 76 or in the short story Isolation[50] by one of the youngest authors, Sabah Sanhouri.[49]
Here we find the tension between Sudanese society as it is and how it might have been and could, perhaps, still become. This is the tension between the present state of conflict — over resources, political power, and identity — and the nostalgia for a more harmonious past, or perhaps the aspiration for a different type of future.
— Max Shmookler, Biting their Mother-Tongue: Three Sudanese Short-Stories about Estrangement
s emerging male and female writers:
The first novel depicting the life of a working woman in Sudan was "Al-Faragh al-'arid" (The Wide Void). Written by the short story writer and novelist Malkat al-Dar Mohamed (1920-1969) in the early 1950s, it was only published after her death in 1969.[51] Another woman with a feminist perspective was Buthaina Khidir Mekki, who wrote novels and short stories dealing with negative stereotypes towards the education of young girls and the consequences of conflict and war for women.
Arguably the most notable Sudanese writer of the 20th century is
Ibrahim Ishaq (1946–2021) was a Sudanese novelist and short story writer, whose narrative works are mostly set in his native Darfur region of western Sudan. From 1969 on, he published six novels and three collections of short stories, as well as academic studies about the history and literature of Africa. Through his subject-matter and elements of the local forms of language, he introduced the life and culture of Darfur to readers in other parts of the country.[55]
Fatima al-Sanoussi (born in the 1950s) worked both as journalist, writer and translator. She is known for her flash fiction that had a strong influence on writers of the 1980s and young readers. Her stories have been described as moving "across categories and outside the existing structures and genre constraints".[56]
Bushra Elfadil, a former lecturer of Russian literature at the University of Khartoum and now living in exile in Saudi Arabia,[57] won the Caine Prize in 2017 with "The Story of the Girl Whose Birds Flew Away", first published in The Book of Khartoum.[58]
Among other topics, Jamal Mohammad Ibrahim (b. 1959) treated the complex Sudanese identity of African and Arab heritage: In his Nuqṭat talāshī (A Point of Disappearance, 2008) by describing one of his characters as “a perfect and typical Sudanese, who has taken something from each background: he has taken his pleasant brown color from Africa, and his loquacity from the Arabs.”[35] In Dafātir Kambālā (The Kampala Notebooks, 2009), he explored the African roots of Sudan through a “philosophical journey” in Uganda. Based on this literary approach, he was described as one of the Sudanese writers who included "African names, realistic descriptions of traditions and beliefs, and even words in African languages.[35]
Born in Cairo of Sudanese parents in 1959, Tarek Eltayeb has been living in Vienna, Austria, since 1984. In addition to seven books in Arabic, he has also published his poetry, novels and short stories in German translation.[59] His novel Cities Without Palms tells the story of a young man from Sudan, who first migrated to Egypt and then further on to Europe.[60]
A Sudanese writer of international recognition is Amir Taj al-Sir (born 1960). He has published more than a dozen books, including poetry and nonfiction. His first novel Karmakul came out in 1988, and his novel The Hunter of the Chrysalises was shortlisted for the 2011 International Prize for Arabic Fiction,[61] mentored by the Booker Prize Foundation in London.[62]
Ishraga Mustafa Hamid (born 1961) is a poet, literary translator and human rights activist of Sudanese origin, living in Austria since 1993. Writing both in Arabic and German, her literary works encompass poetry and prose, often reflecting her own or the experiences of other migrants in Austria.[63] Until 2017, she had published seven works in German,[64] and as many in Arabic.[65]
Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin (born 1963) has written several popular novels and collections of short stories, including The Jango,[66] which deals with the conditions in a women's prison and won the Al-Tayeb Salih Award for Creative Writing.[67] His books were initially sold in local bookstores, but later confiscated and banned by the Sudanese authorities and were subsequently only available outside of Sudan.[68] His novel The Messiah of Darfur, which takes place in the context of the civil war in Darfur,[69] was translated into French and German. Since 2012, Baraka Sakin has lived in exile in Austria and has been invited to a number of literary festivals in Africa, France and Germany.[70]
Mansour El Souwaim, (born 1970), has released two novels and two collections of short stories. His second novel, titled Memories of a Bad Boy, received the Tayeb Salih Award for Creative Writing in 2005.
Hamed al-Nazir (born 1975), a Sudanese journalist and novelist living in Qatar, has published three acclaimed novels.[71] Two of them, The Waterman's Prophecy and The Black Peacock were longlisted for the prestigious International Prize for Arabic Fiction.
Najlaa Eltom (born 1975) is a Sudanese writer, poet and translator who became known for her poetry in Sudan and abroad during the early 2000s. In 2012, she went to Sweden for a degree in English literature at Stockholm University and has lived there since.[72]
Stella Gaitano, born in Khartoum of parents from southern Sudan in 1979, has published both short stories and a novel in Arabic that have been translated into English. She grew up and studied in Khartoum, and writes stories often dealing with the harsh living conditions of people from southern Sudan, who have endured discrimination and military dictatorship, or war and displacement in the northern part of Sudan.[74]
Rania Mamoun (born 1979) is another contemporary female writer, who has written novels and short stories, translated as Thirteen Months of Sunrise.[75] Several of her stories have appeared in English translation, including in The Book of Khartoum, Banthology[76] and in Banipal literary magazine.[77]
Sabah Sanhouri (born 1990), is a cultural essayist and literary author from Khartoum, who writes prose as well as poetry. Her story "Isolation" won the Al-Tayeb Salih Award for Creative Writing in 2009 and was published both in Arabic, and later in a French and English translation.[78] Mirrors, her first collection of short stories, came out in Egypt and Sudan in 2014,[79] and in 2019, she published her first novel, entitled Paradise.[80]
In 2021, Muhammad Ismail won the first prize of the Katara Award for the Arabic Novel for his short story “The Brothers of Yusuf”, selected from more than 400 entries.[81]
In 2023, Reem Gaafar won the South African Island Prize for a Debut Novel from Africa for the manuscript of her novel A Mouth Full of Salt. She is the first novelist from Sudan to be distinguished by this award.[82]
In May 2022,
Literature in English by writers with Sudanese roots
The earliest records of a writer from Sudan using the English language are the
Taban Lo Liyong, who was born in southern Sudan in 1939 and studied in the 1960s in the United States, is one of Africa's well-known poets, writers of fiction and literary criticism. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "Liyong wrote highly imaginative short narratives, such as Fixions (1969), and unorthodox free verse,( ...) His nonfiction output consists of argumentative and amusing personal essays and bold literary criticism (...), presenting challenging new ideas in an original manner."[87] After teaching positions in several countries, including Sudan, he became professor of English at the University of Juba.
Leila Aboulela, who was born in 1964 in Cairo, Egypt, to an Egyptian mother and a Sudanese father, and grew up in Khartoum, is a Sudanese writer who lives in Scotland and writes in English. Her poems, short stories and novels have received international acclaim[88] and have been translated into other languages, including Arabic.[89]
The last 30 years have been difficult for Sudanese artists of all kinds – among them musicians and painters, but particularly writers. The 1989 coup triggered an exodus. People left to settle in Cairo and the Gulf, North America and Europe, even Japan and Australia. Inside the country, a new generation of writers has since grown up in the shadow of repression. Despite these difficulties writers have continued to work and publish, both within the country and abroad. In a climate where newspapers are regularly censored, journalists detained and print runs seized, books have remained cherished items to be passed around with reverence.
— Jamal Mahjoub, Top 10 books about Sudan. The Guardian, May 2019
A representative of young writers of Sudanese origin, living in the worldwide Sudanese
Emtithal Mahmoud, who was born in Darfur in 1992, moved with her parents to the United States as a child. She became known as a spoken word poet and activist for refugees. In 2015, she won the Individual World Poetry Slam championship and has since published her first collections of poems in English, entitled Sisters' Entrance.[92][93]
K. Eltinaé is a Sudanese poet of Nubian descent, based in Spain. His work has appeared in magazines such as World Literature Today and the African American Review, as well as in The Ordinary Chaos of Being Human: Tales from Many Muslim Worlds, among other publications. His debut collection The Moral Judgement of Butterflies won the 2019 International Beverly Prize for Literature.[94] He is the recipient of the Visionary Arts Memorial Reza Abdoh Poetry Prize 2021.[95] He also co-won the 2019 Dignity Not Detention Prize.[96][97]
Daoud Hari, who was born as a tribesman in the Darfur region of Western Sudan, wrote an autobiographical memoir in English about life and people in Darfur, entitled The Translator: A Tribesman's Memoir of Darfur. Through his story, he tried to bring further international attention to the plight of his people and country.[98]
In 2008, the autobiographical memoir about women's experiences with genocide and
Sudanese-American writer Fatin Abbas based her 2023 debut novel Ghost Season on her personal experience of working for an NGO in the border region between northern and southern Sudan. The story is set in the fictitious village Saaraya, a "flashpoint in the civil war between the Southern rebel movement and the Northern government based in Khartoum."[102]
Memoirs by former slaves and 'Lost Boys'
Based on their painful experiences of
Works for young readers and graphic storytelling
Modern literature for children and young adults has been written, among others, by authors and illustrators such as Abdel-Ghani Karamallah
In the 1950s and up to the mid-1990s, the Ministry of Education published comics magazines such as Al-Sabyan (Boy's Journal), Maryud and Sabah (Morning) in order to develop children's literacy.[110] But because of diminishing support, the numbers of such magazines and children's books decreased from 30.000 copies a week of the most popular magazine to a much lower number of such publications.[111]
In the 21st century, Sudanese comic strips and graphic storytelling have been enjoying a growing audience. They are mainly published on social media, but also in the form of magazines or during national comic competitions.[112]
As a political cartoonist living in the Sudanese diaspora, Khalid Albaih has become known for his social and political caricatures in Arab and international online media.[113]
Traditional and modern forms of Sudanese theatre
Rituals and theatre-like performances, such as the zār rituals, have been described by modern studies as part of ancient and traditional civilisations in Sudan.[114] During the 1930s, Ibrahim al-Abadi (1894 -1980) created a play about an important Sudanese resistance fighter against the Turkish army, El Mek Nimr, and Khaled Abu Al-Rous wrote a play about a village love story called Tajouj.[115] Along with other Sudanese or foreign plays, they were produced at the National Theatre of the time.[116]
In a period of flourishing cultural life in Sudan from the 1960s and up to the restrictions of many public activities by the Public Order Laws since 1989, foreign and Sudanese theatre plays in the modern sense enjoyed a certain amount of popularity in Khartoum.[117] Nevertheless, the College of Music and Drama of the Sudan University of Science and Technology has been offering studies and degrees since 1977,[118] and together with the Sudanese Dramatists Union has organized theatre festivals and workshops at the National Theatre, opened in 1959 in Omdurman.[119]
Anthologies of Sudanese literature
After the 2009 collection of short stories in French translation, Nouvelles du Soudan, several anthologies in English, such as I Know Two Sudans: An Anthology of Creative Writing from Sudan and South Sudan,[120] The Book of Khartoum,[48] Literary Sudans: An Anthology of Literature from Sudan and South Sudan[121] or Modern Sudanese Poetry: An Anthology[122] have made contemporary literature from Sudan and South Sudan accessible to readers in translation. In addition, Banipal literary magazine published a special issue in 2016 on Sudanese literature today.[123] In 2020, The Common literary magazine published eleven short stories by Sudanese authors in English translation.[124]
Apart from those names already mentioned above, writers featured in these compilations are Mohammad Jamil Ahmad, Emad Blake, Nur al-Huda Mohammed Nur al-Huda, Ahmed Al Malik, Dan Lukudu, Agnes Ponilako, Kenyi A. Spencer, Mamoun Eltlib[46] and others.
In his introduction to Literary Sudans: An Anthology of Literature from Sudan and South Sudan, Taban Lo Liyong wrote:[125]
In this collection most writers are rebels against the system or fighting a kind of existential war. [...] Third World artists during the decades of African independence from 1950 to 1970 were to assist the politicians in pushing for Cultural Revolution and independence, but after seeing how the politicians play loose with the blank check we gave them, it is high time the artists echoed the aspirations to democracy, respect for human rights and true nationalistic independence with emphasis on economic independence and welfare for us all.
— Taban Lo Lyiong
Academic scholarship on Sudanese literature and Arabic language
An outstanding Sudanese
Another notable scholar on language and culture in Sudan was Awn Alsharif Qasim (1933–2006). Among many other works, he authored the Sudanese Encyclopedia of Tribes and Genealogies in seven volumes and 2628 pages, a pioneer, state of the art series of books about place or personal names and Sudanese tribes, their roots and origins.[127]
Several departments of the University of Khartoum, like the Faculty of Arts, the Institute of Asian and African Studies or of Islamic Studies, publish academic scholarship relating to the history and present of culture in Sudan.[128]
Nonfiction and cultural journalism by Sudanese writers
The
One of the Sudanese online magazines focussing on Sudanese culture and the close relationship of life in Sudan and South Sudan, as well as with other East African neighbours, is the bilingual online Andariya Magazine.[132][133]
See also
- African literature
- Arabic literature
- Modern Arabic literature
- List of Sudanese writers
- Culture of Sudan
- Culture of South Sudan – Literature
- Music of Sudan
Notes and references
- ^ On the notion of a modern national literature in Africa, compare the following definition by Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe: "A national literature is one that takes the whole nation for its province and has a realized or potential audience throughout its territory. An ethnic literature is one which is available to one ethnic group within the nation." Chinua Achebe. Morning Yet on Creation Day (New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1976), p. 75.
- ^ "Meroitic script". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Hoyland, Robert (2015). In God's Path: The Arab Conquest and the Creation of an Islamic Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 77.
- ^ "Introduction", Arabic Literature of Africa Online, Brill, 6 April 2016, retrieved 19 August 2022
- ^ Ibn Ḍayf Allāh, Muḥammad al-Nūr, and Yusuf Fadl Hassan. (ed.) 1992. Kitāb al-ṭabaqāt fī khuṣūṣ al-awliyāʼ wa-al-ṣāliḥīn wa-al-ulamāʼ wa-al-shuʻarāʼ fī al-Sūdān. Kharṭūm: Dar al-Taʼlīf wa-al-Tarjamah wa-al-Nashr, Jāmiʻat al-Kharṭūm.
- S2CID 162091334.
- ^ Tūnisī, Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar, Humphrey T. Davies, R. S. O'Fahey, and Anthony Appiah. (2020) In Darfur: An Account of the Sultanate and Its People. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9781479804450.
- ^ "Some of the other major languages of the Sudan which possess both oral literature and written material, either in grammars, dictionaries, or recently compiled dual language folkloric text are Dinka, Fur, Nuer, Shilluk, Azande and Bari." Berkley 1981
- OCLC 1268934247.
- ^ The article about 'Sudan - The arts' in the Encyclopedia Britannica online states: "The major language with a written literature in traditional Sudanese society is Arabic. The most widely known Sudanese literary works in this language are associated with Islam and its scholarship and include a large body of literature describing the lives and virtue of holy men. These works are best known through recitations on special anniversaries associated with pious persons. The combination of oral and written literature remains of major importance to both traditional and Westernized segments of Sudanese society." Source: Encyclopedia Britannica Sudan, accessed on 13 March 2021.[1]
- ISSN 2579-0528.
- ^ a b El-Nour 1997, p. 150.
- ISBN 978-9004112735.
- ^ "Oral and written narratives in the Horn of Africa more often than not problematize what is committed to the nation's official memory. They take cognizance of how "events" are formulated, or "made to happen", and make sense of what is or is not in the social imaginary. The literatures of the Horn of Africa shed light on the aspirations, hopes, consternations, and fears of the storytellers and, by extension, the people whose lives shape and give meaning to the stories." Abstract by Leiden University Library for Ahmed, Ali Jimale & Taddesse Adera (eds.) 2008. The road less traveled: reflections on the literatures of the Horn of Africa
- ^ Majdhūb, ʻAbd Allāh al-Ṭayyib. 1966. Heroes of Arabia. Cambridge [England]: University Press.
- ^ al-Majdhūb, 'Abd Allāh al-Tayyib, and Michael West. 1975. Stories from the sands of Africa. London: Longman.
- ^ a b El-Nour 1997, p. 155.
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- ^ Berkley 1981, pp. 113–114.
- ^ Muhammad Abd al-Hayy, Conflict and Identity: The Cultural Poetics of Contemporary Sudanese Poetry. Khartoum University Press, 1976, p.21, quoted after Berkeley, 1981.
- ^ El-Nour 1997, p. 151.
- ^ El-Nour 1997, p. 154.
- ^ a b Berkley 1981, p. 116.
- ^ a b Luffin 2017, p. 422.
- ^ "The novel of the period prior to Independence dedicated itself to the search for an effective combative identity at the individual and the collective level. The post-Independence novel has attempted to grant us our profound and deeply rooted historical identity, with its negative and positive sides." El-Nur Osman Abkar, The post-Independence novel: The Search for an Historical cultural identity with El Tayeb Salih and Ibrahim Ishaq, al-Ayyam newspaper (18 February 1977), quoted after Berkley 1981, p. 117.
- ^ رحيل الشاعر السوداني النور عثمان أبكر أحد مؤسسي مدرسة «الغابة والصحراء», أخبــــــار. archive.aawsat.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d Luffin 2017, p. 426.
- ^ "The novel of the period prior to Independence dedicated itself to the search for an effective combative identity at the individual and the collective level. The post-Independence novel has attempted to grant us our profound and deeply rooted historical identity, with its negative and positive sides." El-Nur Osman Abkar, The post-Independence novel: The Search for an Historical cultural identity with El Tayeb Salih and Ibrahim Ishaq, al-Ayyam newspaper (18 February 1977), quoted after Berkley 1981, p. 117
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- ^ Luffin 2017, p. 425.
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- ^ "Censor confiscates ten books at Sudanese Writers Union fair". Radio Dabanga. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
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- ^ "Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin — internationales literaturfestival berlin". www.literaturfestival.com. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
- ^ "Hamed el-Nazir". www.banipal.co.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
- ^ Poetry Foundation (30 August 2022). "Najlaa Osman Eltom". Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Hammour Ziada". www.banipal.co.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
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- ^ ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
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- ^ PEN International (4 March 2016). "International Women's Day: PEN talks to Sudanese journalist Sabah Sanhouri". Retrieved 26 June 2020.
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- ^ "Katara announces the winners of the short story competition". DCCIW. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
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- ^ "Women Recommend: Sudanese Women Writers". ArabLit & ArabLit QUARTERLY. 25 April 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- ^ "Arablit & Arablit Quarterly". Arablit & Arablit Quarterly. 5 April 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- ^ (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2020.
- ^ El-Nour 1997, p. 158.
- ^ "Taban lo Liyong | South Sudanese and Ugandan writer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ "Leila Aboulela – Literature". literature.britishcouncil.org. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ "Leila Abulela, international novelist - ليلي أبو العلا، الكاتبة الروائية العالمية". BBC News عربي (in Arabic). 2 September 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ Nebraska Press. "The January Children". www.nebraskapress.unl.edu. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
- ^ Forbes Africa (4 June 2018). "Under 30 Creatives". Forbes Africa. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
- ^ "Emtithal Mahmoud and the poetry of resilience". The World from PRX. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ "You searched for 9781449492793". Andrews McMeel Publishing. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ Group, The Black Spring Press (24 March 2020). "Our Winner - The 2019 International Beverly Prize for Literature". The Black Spring Press Group. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
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- ^ "Winners of the #DignityNotDetention Poetry Prizes 2019 – Poetry International Online". Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ Rakha, Youssef (12 March 2021). "Memories of displacement: Sudanese poet K. Eltinae on writing 'verses in the sky'". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
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- ^ "BBC - Radio 4 - Woman's Hour - Mende Nazer". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
- ^ See also the list of such books in the Wikipedia article Lost Boys of Sudan - Books, films and plays.
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- ^ "Scattered Thoughts, Salah Elmur | Artspace.com". Artspace. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
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- ^ This play was based on the romantic story Tajouj by Osman Mohamed Hashim, considered by some as the first Sudanese novel, according to Eiman El-Nour, 1977, p. 156. In 1977, this story was turned into the feature film Tajouj by prominent filmmaker Gadalla Gubara .
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- ^ Magid, Djamela; et al. (eds.). "I Know Two Sudans: An Anthology of Creative Writing from Sudan and South Sudan". Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ "Review | Literary Sudans: An Anthology of Literature From Sudan and South Sudan". Brittle Paper. 9 January 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
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- ^ "The Common: Issue 19". The Common. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Shringarpure, Bhakti et al. (2016), Literary Sudans: An Anthology of Literature from Sudan and South Sudan. Trenton: The Red Sea Press, pp. 4–6.
- ^ "King Faisal Prize | Professor Abd Allah Al-Tayyeb". Retrieved 6 June 2021.
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- ^ See, for example, Abdallah al-Tayyib's Heroes of Arabia and his Stories from the sands of Africa.
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Works cited
- Berkley, Constance E. (1981). "The Contours of Sudanese Literature". Africa Today. 28 (2): 109–118. JSTOR 4186005.
- El-Nour, Eiman (1997). "The Development of Contemporary Literature in Sudan". Research in African Literatures. 28 (3): 150–162. JSTOR 3821000.
- Luffin, Xavier (2017). "Sudan and South Sudan". In Hassan, Wail S. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Arab Novelistic Traditions. Oxford. pp. 421–439. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199349791.013.28.)
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Further reading
- Al-Malik, A., Gaetano, S., Adam, H., Baraka, S. A., Karamallah, A., Mamoun, R., & Luffin, X. (2009). Nouvelles du Soudan. Paris: Magellan & Cie. (in French) ISBN 9782350741604
- ISBN 978-1-4962-1563-5
- Cormack, Ralph and Max Shmookler (eds.) (2016) The Book of Khartoum. A City in Short Fiction. Manchester: Comma Press ISBN 9781905583720
- Elgizouli, Kamal (2017). Background and approaches to the problematics of identity in the project of Sudanese modern poetry (in Arabic). Sharjah, UAE: The Africa Institute. ISBN 978-9948-25-211-5.
- Elhillo, Safia. The January Children. University of Nebraska Press, 2017
- El-Nour, Eiman (2008). "Nationalism and the rise of the Sudanese novel". In Ahmed, Ali Jimale; Adera, Taddesse (eds.). The road less traveled: reflections on the literatures of the Horn of Africa. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press. pp. 369–404. OCLC 173683546.
- Essien, Kwame and Toyin Falola (2008). Culture and Customs of Sudan. Cultures and Customs of the World. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313344398.
- Lynx Qualey, Marcia. Sudanese Literature: North and South. 2012, in ArabLitmagazine
- Lynx Qualey, Marcia. 10 Sudanese & South Sudanese Short Stories for the Solstice, 2019, in ArabLit magazine
- Magid, Djamela et al. (eds.), I Know Two Sudans: An Anthology of Creative Writing from Sudan and South Sudan, 2014 ISBN 978-0993110801
- Mahjoub, Jamal. Top 10 books about Sudan. The Guardian, May 2019
- Mahjoub, Jamal. Navigation of a Rainmaker (1989), Wings of Dust (1994), In the Hour of Signs (1996)
- Shringarpure, Bhakti (ed.) 2016. Literary Sudans: An Anthology of Literature from Sudan and South Sudan. Trenton: The Red Sea Press, ISBN 978-1569024348
- Soghayroon, Thorraya. (2010) Sudanese Literature in English Translation: An Analytical Study of Translation with a Historical Introduction to the Literature. PhD dissertation, Westminster University.
External links
- An ever-so-short history of the ‘complex, capacious’ Sudanese short story with further links by ArabLit magazine
- Sudanese literature available in English, May 2021, by ArabLit magazine