Tanjung Priok massacre
Tanjung Priok massacre | |||
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Date | 12 September 1984 | ||
Location | Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta, Indonesia | ||
Methods | Shooting | ||
Resulted in | See Aftermath | ||
Parties | |||
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Lead figures | |||
Amir Biki | |||
Number | |||
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Casualties and losses | |||
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The Tanjung Priok massacre was an incident that occurred on 12 September 1984, in the port area of Tanjung Priok, Jakarta, Indonesia. Government reports give a total of 24 killed and 54 injured, while survivors report over 100 killed.
Background
On 10 September 1984, Sergeant Hermanu,[1] a member of the Community Advisory Non-Commissioned Officer (Bintara Pembina Desa / Babinsa) arrived at As Saadah Mosque in Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta, and told the caretaker, Amir Biki, to remove brochures and banners critical of the government.[2] Biki refused, so Hermanu removed them himself; to do so, he reportedly entered the prayer area of the mosque without removing his shoes (a serious violation of mosque etiquette).[2][3] In response, local residents, led by mosque caretakers Syarifuddin Rambe and Sofwan Sulaeman, burned his motorcycle and attacked Hermanu while he was talking with another officer.[2][3] The two then arrested Rambe and Sulaeman, as well as another caretaker, Achmad Sahi, and an unemployed man named Muhamad Noor.[2][3][4]
Incident
Two days after the arrest, Islamic cleric Abdul Qodir Jaelani gave a sermon against
Once at the military command, the group unsuccessfully demanded the release of the prisoners.
Aftermath
The military reported that the riots had been triggered by a man in a fake military uniform who distributed anti-government pamphlets along with 12 other accomplices; it reported having the man in custody.[8] General Hartono Rekso Dharsono was arrested for allegedly inciting the riots.[9] After a four-month trial, he was convicted; he was eventually released in September 1990, after serving five years in jail.[9]
After the riots, at least 169 civilians were allegedly held without warrant.[10] Some were reportedly tortured.[10] The leaders were arrested and tried for subversion, then given long sentences when convicted.[3] Others, including as Amir Biki, were among those killed.[7]
Initial reports suggested 20 dead.[8] Current official records give a total of 24 killed and 54 injured (including the military), while survivors report over a hundred killed.[11] Tanjung Priok residents estimate a total of 400 killed or missing, while other reports suggest up to 700 victims.[7][6]
Investigation
With the influx of human rights movements after the
The KP3T consisted mainly of political figures from the
In October 2000, Komnas HAM released another report indicating that 23 individuals, including Sutrisno and Moerdani, should be investigated for their involvement; it called for an
Under international pressure, in 2003 the DPR approved the use of the 2000 human rights law to bring perpetrators of the massacre to trial for crimes against humanity;[11][18] the trial began in September of that year.[17] Those brought to trial included Colonel Sutrisno Mascung, leader of Platoon II of the Air Defense Artillery Battalion at the time, and 13 subordinates.[18] Higher-ranking officials from the time, including Try Sutrisno and Benny Moerdani, were exempted from prosecution, as were former President Suharto and former Justice Minister Ismail Saleh.[18][19] The prosecution was led by Widodo Supriyadi, and Deputy Speaker of the DPR A.M. Fatwa served as a witness for the prosecution.[10][20] Several officers prosecuted were convicted, while Sriyanto and Pranowo were acquitted.[3] In 2004, the Attorney General's Office unsuccessfully appealed the acquittals of Sriyanto and Pranowo.[11] The convictions were later overturned by the Supreme Court of Indonesia.[3]
The trial was criticized by human rights groups and activists; German author Fabian Junge argued that "prosecutors deliberately ignored substantial evidence while scare-tactics and bribery were rampant outside court".
References
- Footnotes
- ^ kompas.id. "Harian Kompas". Kompas.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Junge 2008, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Haryanto 2010, Death Toll From 1984 Massacre.
- ^ a b The Jakarta Post 2009, Victims 'may not.
- ^ a b Setiono 2008, p. 1057.
- ^ a b c The Jakarta Post 2009, Victims report to UN.
- ^ a b c d Junge 2008, p. 18.
- ^ a b The New York Times 1984, Around the World;.
- ^ a b Erlanger 1990, Jakarta Journal; Echoes.
- ^ a b c Taufiqurrahman 2004, I was tortured.
- ^ a b c d Khalik 2008, Govt slammed for human.
- ^ a b Junge 2008, p. 20.
- ^ a b c d e Junge 2008, p. 21.
- ^ a b c The Jakarta Post 2000, FPI members attacks.
- ^ a b Junge 2008, p. 22.
- ^ Junge 2008, p. 23.
- ^ a b c d KontraS, Massacre of Tanjung Priok.
- ^ a b c Saraswati 2003, Tanjung Priok rights.
- ^ The Jakarta Post 2003, Soeharto blamed.
- ^ The Jakarta Post 2003, Court urged to pursue.
- Bibliography
- Junge, J. Fabian (2008). Kesempatan yang Hilang, Janji yang tak Terpenuhi. Pengadilan HAM Ad Hoc untuk Kejahatan di Tanjung Priok 1984 [Lost Opportunities, Unfulfilled Promises. Ad Hoc Human Rights Trial for the 1984 Tanjung Priok Crimes] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: KontraS / Watch Indonesia!.
- Setiono, Benny G. (2008). Tionghoa dalam Pusaran Politik [Indonesia's Chinese Community under Political Turmoil]. Jakarta: TransMedia Pustaka. ISBN 978-979-799-052-7.
- Online references
- "Around the World; Calm Is Urged in Jakarta After Outbreak of Riots". The New York Times. 17 September 1984. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- "Court urged to pursue Priok case". The Jakarta Post. 10 July 2003. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- Erlanger, Steven (13 December 1990). "Jakarta Journal; Echoes From Past Rattle Suharto's 'New Order'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- "FPI members attacks [sic] rights commission headquarters". The Jakarta Post. 24 June 2000. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- Haryanto, Ulma (15 April 2010). "Death Toll From 1984 Massacre at Tanjung Priok Still Uncertain". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- Khalik, Abdul (12 September 2008). "Govt slammed for human rights abuses". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- "Massacre of Tanjung Priok in 1984" (PDF). KontraS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- Saraswati, Muninggar Sri (16 January 2003). "Tanjung Priok rights trial to go ahead". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- "Soeharto blamed for Priok atrocity". The Jakarta Post. 16 January 2003. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- Taufiqurrahman, M. (28 January 2004). "I was tortured: Fatwa". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 23 June 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- "Victims 'may not get compensation'". The Jakarta Post. 14 September 2009. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- "Victims report to UN special rapporteur". The Jakarta Post. 11 September 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2012.