Poso riots
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Poso riots | ||||
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Date | December 25, 1998 – December 20, 2001 | |||
Location | ||||
Caused by | Brawl between Muslim and Christian youths[1] | |||
Resulted in | Malino I Declaration armed truce | |||
Parties | ||||
| ||||
Lead figures | ||||
Casualties | ||||
Death(s) | over 1,000[1] |
The Poso riots, also known as Poso communal conflict, is a name given to a series of riots that occurred in
On December 20, 2001, the Malino I Declaration was signed between the two conflicting parties, initiated by Jusuf Kalla, officially concluding the conflict.[2]
Background
Central Sulawesi is a mountainous province situated between the southern part and the northern part of
The regency is also a focus of the government's transmigration program, which aimed at bringing citizens from densely populated areas, such as Muslim-dominated islands including Java and Lombok, as well as Hindu-dominated Balinese islands, to scarcely populated areas. The Muslim community here consists of indigenous people, official transmigrants, and economic migrants of various ethnic groups which have settled in this area for decades. Under these circumstances, in the late 1990s, the Muslim population became the majority in Poso Regency with percentages above 60 percent.
On the other hand, ethno-linguistic groups that include
Although the initial conflict centered on tensions between Muslim Bugis migrants and Protestant Pamona people, many other groups were drawn through their ethnic, cultural, or economic ties.[3]
Effects
With the growing wave of violence, people fled to areas with the majority population of their religion. The Muslims went to Palu, Poso, and the coastal city of Parigi, while Christians in Parigi fled to Tentena and Napu which is located in the mountains, or Manado, in North Sulawesi. In January 2002, after the Malino I Declaration was signed, official figures for coordination with the humanitarian responses to the conflict estimated a total of 86,000 internal refugees emerged in Central Sulawesi. Central Sulawesi Christian Church estimates 42,000 refugees in the Christian-dominated area in other regencies.[4][5]
After the Malino I Declaration, there were some tentative progress. By the end of February, 10,000 refugees had returned home, mostly to the city of Poso, the sub-regency of
There are two notable exceptions to this positive trend. New violence often makes traumatized citizens return fleeing to safe havens. For example, clashes in August 2002 forced about 1,200 people to seek refuge in Tentena. Government or individual efforts of rebuilding have been hampered by new waves of violence throughout the crisis. Some people told Human Rights Watch that they had seen their homes destroyed more than once, and the barracks built by the local government and Indonesian army in 2000 were often targeted by these attacks. Christians in Tentena also have no plans to dismantle their shelter which is painstakingly built, in case of the need of the shelter in the future.[8]
Other important exceptions are regarding the refugees belonging to minorities in their home regions. Muslim refugees from Tentena told Human Rights Watch in Palu that they had no plans to return home, although the remaining twenty-four Muslims who never left Tentena reported that their situation was safe.
Some refugees were given access to land in their new areas, such as Nunu area of Palu, and were able to support themselves through agricultural activities. Christian refugees in Tentena built large housing and are able to find jobs in the urban market, which is economically positive because of means to travel to other markets being limited. In areas where land or work is scarce, conditions are much more poor.
A local NGO reported in August 2002 that the basic needs of refugees were not met, creating problems such as the lack of nutrition for children, widespread
See also
- 2000 Walisongo school massacre
- 2002 Poso bus attacks
- 2004 Poso bus bombing
- 2005 Indonesian beheadings of Christian girls
- 2005 Tentena market bombings
References
Citations
- ^ a b Indonesia flashpoints: Sulawesi. BBC. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
- ^ Marino Declaration signed two warring parties end conflict and create peace in Poso, Central Sulawesi. Reliefweb. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
- ^ Aragon, Lorraine (June 2002). "Waiting for peace in Poso". Retrieved March 16, 2017.
- ^ "Estimates of the government Implementation Coordination Unit (Satkorlak)". January 2002.
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(help) - ^ "Crisis Center of the Central Sulawesi Christian Church". December 2001.
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(help) - ^ "Police Head to Poso to Help Disarm Factions". The Jakarta Post. February 25, 2002.
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(help) - ^ "Forkom Replace Pokja Malino in Poso". Compass. August 4, 2002.
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(help) - ^ "Poso Conflict Will Be Delivered to Vice President Website = Nuance Headings". July 6, 2002.
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(help) - ^ "Refugee Conditions at Kamp Kec. Lage, Kec. North Pamona, East Pamona, Poso Pesisir, South Pamona, and North Lore, Poso District". LPS – HAM. August 2002.
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(help) - ^ "Background information on the IDP situation in Indonesia". Norway Norwegian Refugee Council. August 28, 2002.
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Sources
- Aditjondro, George Junus (2004). Kerusuhan Poso dan Morowali, Akar Permasalahan dan Jalan Keluarnya (PDF) (Report). Palu: Yayasan Tanah Merdeka. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016.)
{{cite report}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link - ISBN 978-192-1666-23-0.
- Brown, Graham; Tajima, Yukhi; Hadi, Suprayoga (2005). Piza-Lopez, Eugenia (ed.). Overcoming Violent Conflict: Peace and Development Analysis in Central Sulawesi. Department of International Development. Overcoming Violent Conflict. ISBN 979-99878-4-9.
- Diprose, Rachael; Ukiwo, Ukoha (February 2008). "Decentralisation and Conflict Management in Indonesia and Nigeria". Queen Elizabeth House. CRISE Working Paper (49). CRISE.
- Diprose, Rachael (June 2007). "Passing on the challenges or prescribing better management of diversity? Decentralization, power sharing and conflict dynamics in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia". Queen Elizabeth House. CRISE Working Paper. 8 (38). CRISE: 393–425. S2CID 145478493.
- Gross, Max L. (2015). A Muslim Archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia. LCCN 2006937784.
- Ilyas (August 2012). "Kajian Simbol-Simbol Etnisitas dalam Kampanye, Komunikasi Politik dan Pergeserannya pada Pemilukada Kabupaten Poso". Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi. 10 (2). .
- Li, Tania (2007). "Adat in Central Sulawesi: Contemporary deployments". In Davidson, Jamie S.; Henley, David (eds.). The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The deployment of adat from colonialism to indigenism. ISBN 978-0-203-96549-8.
- LPS-HAM (December 2004). Evaluasi Kondisi HAM di Sulawesi Tengah Tahun 2004 (PDF) (Report). Lembaga Pengembangan Studi Hukum dan Advokasi Hak Asasi Manusia Sulawesi Tengah. Archived from the original on June 26, 2014.
{{cite report}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - McBeth, John; Murphy, Oren (June 2000). Bloodbath. Far Eastern Economic Review (Report).
- ]
- Sadi, Haliadi; Agustino, Leo (2016). "Jurnal Analisis Politik: Pemikiran Politik Lokal dalam Sejarah Pembentukan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah" (PDF). 1 (2). Padang: Andalas University.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto (October 2008). "State formation, decentralisation and East Sulawesi province: Conflict and the politics of transcending boundaries in Eastern Indonesia". Department of International Development. CRISE Working Paper (56). CRISE.
- van Klinken, Gerry (2005). "New actors, new identities: Post-Suharto ethnic violence in Indonesia". In Anwar, Dewi Fortuna; Bouvier, Hélène; Smith, Glenn; Tol, Roger (eds.). Violent Internal Conflicts in Asia Pacific: Histories, Political Economic and Policies. Penerbit Obor. pp. 79–100. ISBN 979-461-514-5.
- van Klinken, Gerry (2007). Communal Violence and Democratization in Indonesia: Small Town Wars. ISBN 978-113-4115-33-4.
Bibliography
- Aliansi Jurnalis Independen (April 2007). Liputan Peristiwa 22 Januari 2007 di Poso [Shabby Portrait of the Republic’s Role in Poso] (PDF) (Report). Palu. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 14, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
- Anis, Elis Z. (2006). "Framing Conflict News In Poso Indonesia: A Comparative Analysis of the Manado Post, MAL, and Kompas Newspapers". Ohio University.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Aragon, Lorraine (October 2001). "Communal Violence in Poso, Central Sulawesi: Where People Eat Fish and Fish Eat People". Indonesia (72): 45–79. JSTOR 3351481.
- Aragon, Lorraine (April 2005). "Mass Media Fragmentation and Narratives of Violent Action in Sulawesi's Poso Conflict". Indonesia (79).
- Damanik, Rinaldy; Posende, Masdianto (2000). Kronologis Peristiwa Kerusuhan Poso (II) April 2000 (Report). Tentena: Crisis Center GKST.
- Darlis, Andi Muhammad (2012). Konflik Komunal: Studi dan Rekonsiliasi Konflik Poso. ISBN 978-602-19217-6-0.
- Ecip, Sinansari; Waru, Darwis (2001). Kerusuhan Poso yang Sebenarnya. Jakarta: Global Mahardika Netama.
- Human Rights Watch (December 2002). BREAKDOWN: Four Years of Communal Violence in Central Sulawesi. Indonesia (Report). Vol. 14. New York City.
- Hwang, Julie Chernov; Panggabean, Rizal; Fauzi, Ihsan Ali (August 2013). "The Disengagement of Jihadis in Poso, Indonesia". Asian Survey. 53 (4): 754–777. ISSN 1533-838X.
- International Crisis Group (February 2004). Indonesia Backgrounder: Jihad in Central Sulawesi. ICG Asia Report (Report). International Crisis Group.
- International Crisis Group (January 2007). Jihadism in Indonesia: Poso on the Edge. ICG Asia Report (Report). International Crisis Group.
- ISBN 978-178-3264-88-9.
- KontraS (2004). Laporan Penelitian Bisnis Militer di Poso Sulawesi Tengah (PDF) (Report). Jakarta.
- Mappangara, Suriadi (2001). Respon Militer Terhadap Konflik Sosial di Poso (Report). Palu: Yayasan Bina Warga.
- McRae, Dave (April 2007). "Criminal Justice and Communal Conflict: A Case Study of the Trial of Fabianus Tibo, Dominggus da Silva, and Marinus Riwu". Indonesia (83).
- McRae, Dave (2008). The Escalation and Decline of Violent Conflict in Poso, Central Sulawesi, 1998-2007 (Ph.D). Canberra: Australian National University.
- McRae, Dave (2013). A Few Poorly Organized Men: Interreligious Violence in Poso, Indonesia. ISBN 978-900-4251-72-4.
- Tengko, Rafyuddin (2000). Sekilas Tentang Kerusuhan Poso III (Report).