Islam in West Sumatra
History
Introduction of Islam
The introduction of Islam in the West Sumatran region, especially the Minangkabau Highlands, the home of the Minangkabau people, is assumed to have taken two routes: one from eastern Minangkabau between the 7th and 8th centuries, and another from the west coast of Minangkabau after the 16th century. The first route was cultivated by the Muslim Arab traders who came down from the Strait of Malacca through the Kampar River, flowing from the highlands into the strait.[3] This trading activity is estimated as the first contact between the indigenous people and Islam.
The cultural contact became more intensive in the 13th century with the rise of the Muslim Samudera Pasai Sultanate in the northern Sumatra, assuming control of the strait and advancing into east Minangkabau for gold mines and pepper production centers. After the Strait of Malacca fell into Portuguese hands during the 16th century, Islam began entering the west coast of Minangkabau through coastal cities such as Pariaman.
The most substantial Muslim empire in the region was
Islam began to be established in many port towns along the coasts of West Sumatra around the 16th century. The earliest to adopt the religion were the ruling elites and local merchants, although proselytization among the rest of society eventually occurred during the 18th century. Once Islam spread into the interior, the locals accommodated the religion with the ancient customs and culture of the Minangkabau.[5]
Spread of Islam
Islam was propagated by several
The development of Islam in West Sumatra can also be characterized by
This development had attempted to transform various aspects of Minangkabau society, especially within the inland agrarian area. The transformation was often colored by conflicts in the religious interpretations stemming from the cultural roots of the Minangkabau people, such as the
Pre-modern era
After the spread of Islam in the 17th to 19th centuries, Islam was embraced by most of the Minangkabau people who lived both inside and outside of West Sumatra.
In the early 19th century, Minangkabau society began to be influenced by the Islamic intellectual development in the Middle East. Certain Minangkabau ulamas who were inspired by the newly-founded Wahhabism in Mecca intensified their scrutiny against the Pagaruyung kings who were deemed not fulfilling the sharia prescriptions and performing acts considered forbidden or heretical. These reformist scholars became known as padri, who mainly were disciples of Tuanku Nan Tuo. Prominent padris include Tuanku Nan Renceh, Tuanku Imam Bonjol, Tuanku Tambusai and Tuanku Rao.[8]
The rupture of negotiations between the Minangkabau kings and the padris in 1803 erupted into the Padri War. The war was fought between the followers of padri and the adherents of the local custom (adat). After 20 years of fighting, the adat group requested Dutch support in 1833. This led to the intensification of the conflict and the increase in the loss of human lives and cultural properties, erosion of the kingdom's power, and the infiltration by the Dutch taking advantage of the conflict.[10][11]
Facing the situation, the leader of the padri group, Tuanku Imam Bonjol, began to embrace the indigenous cultures and agreed between the two parties to unite against Dutch colonialism. The two parties had made a consensus on the amalgamation between the Islamic teachings and the local customs, under the principle of Adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah ("Adat based on the teachings of Islam, the teachings of Islam based on the
Modern era
In the late 19th century, a Minangkabau ulama
, which turned into a counterweight against the Dutch colonization and the Western education brought by the colonial government.Minangkabau ulamas of this generation are marked by the intellectual struggle between the traditionalists, who uphold the syncretic Islam fostered mainly through the Naqshbandi worldview, and the
Modernists held West Sumatra as one of their bases for exerting influence throughout the archipelago. One of the first modernist mass organizations in the archipelago was
After the
Society
Religious outlook
Islam occupies the core part of identity among the Minangkabau people. Minangkabau people are considered among the most pious Muslims in the observance of the rituals within the Five Pillars of Islam.[19] As exemplified by their saying Adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah ("Adat based on the teachings of Islam, the teachings of Islam based on the Qur'an"), Minangkabau culture is considered to be linked directly to Islamic religious precepts, in which the authority of the former is upheld by the latter. As such, leaving Islam (murtad) is considered tantamount to leaving Minangkabau society physically and mentally.[20]
Education
Surau is the traditional Islamic educational institution that originated around the West and South Sumatra regions; the assembly buildings exist for religious, cultural, and festive purposes, similar to Arab Zawiya.[21] The tradition of surau preceded formal Islamic education, which employs orthodox theory and method brought from abroad, and it is considered to have a pre-Islamic root, which can be traced back to a Buddhist monastery founded near Bukit Gombak in 1356 by Adityawarman.[22]
Architecture
Vernacular-style mosques in West Sumatra are distinguished by their multi-layer roofs made of fiber resembling Rumah Gadang, the Minangkabau residential building. Prominent examples of mosques with vernacular Minangkabau designs are Bingkudu Mosque,[23] founded in 1823 by the Padris, and Jami Mosque of Taluak, built in 1860. Another important religious institution, surau is also often constructed in vernacular Minangkabau style, with three- or five-tiered roofs and woodcarvings engraved in the facade.
Festivals
See also
References
- Badan Pusat Statistik. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
- ^ Giap, Tan Khee et al. Competitiveness Analysis And Development Strategies For 33 Indonesian Provinces. World Scientific.
- ^ Mansoer, et al., 1970: 44-45
- ^ Maimunah. (2012). SISTEM PENDIDIKAN SURAU : KARAKTERISTIK, ISI DAN LITERATUR KEAGAMAAN. TA'DIB, Vol. XVII, No. 02.
- ISBN 978-0-8248-6452-1.
- ISBN 978-979-561-430-2. pp.53.
- ^ Dobbin, 1992: 146
- ^ a b Kaum Sufi dalam Sejarah di Minangkabau Archived 2013-12-11 at the Wayback Machine Harian Singgalang, 30 March 2012. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
- ^ Dobbin, 1992: 151-152
- JSTOR 3350753.
- ^ Amran, Rusli (1981). Sumatera Barat hingga Plakat Panjang. Penerbit Sinar Harapan.
- ISBN 978-981-230-874-0.
- ^ Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia 1200-2004. London: MacMillan.
- ^ "Minang Saisuak #80 - Syekh Muhammad Djamil Djambek" Archived 2012-07-26 at the Wayback Machine Surya Suryadi - Harian Singgalang, Retrieved 11-01-2015.
- ^ Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia 1200-2004. London: MacMillan. pp. 353–356.
- ^ Hamka, 1967: 79
- ^ Yusuf, M. Yunan. (2003). Corak Pemikiran Kalam Tafsir Al-Azhar. Penamadani. pp.103.
- ^ Ma'mur 1995: 34–35
- ^ Keddie, Nikki R. (1987). Islam and Society in Minangkabau and in the Middle East: Comparative Reflections. Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. app.1
- ^ Jones, Gavin W. et al, 2009: 181
- ^ Azyumardi Azra, Islam in the Indonesian World: An Account of Institutional Formation. Bandung 2006, S. 63-69.
- ^ Dobbin, 1992: 142
- ^ Dina Fatimah. "KAJIAN Arsitektur pada Masjid Bingkudu di Minangkabau dilihat dari Aspek Nilai dan Makna" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-11-18.
- ^ Bachyul Jb, Syofiardi (2006-03-01). "'Tabuik' festival: From a religious event to tourism". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2007-01-27.
Bibliography
- M.D. Mansoer et al. (1970). Sejarah Minangkabau. Jakarta, Bhratara.
- Dobbin, Christine. (1992). Kebangkitan Islam dalam ekonomi petani yang sedang berubah: Sumatra Tengah, 1784-1847. Inis.
- Jones, Gavin W. et al. (2009). Muslim-Non-Muslim Marriage: Political and Cultural Contestations in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
- Hamka, (1967) Ayahku, Riwayat Hidup Dr H. Abd. Karim Abdullah dan Perjuangan Kaum Agama di Sumatera. Jakarta.
- Dobbin, Christine (1983). Islamic Revivalism in a Changing Peasant Economy: Central Sumatra, 1784–1847. Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-0155-9.
- Ma'mur, Ilzamudin (1995). Abul Ala Mawdudi and Mohammad Natsir's Views on Statehood: A Comparative Study Montreal: McGill University. Retrieved 28 October 2011.