Trawniki concentration camp
Trawniki concentration camp | |
---|---|
SS training camp | |
Operated by | SS-Totenkopfverbände |
Commandant | Hermann Höfle, Karl Streibel |
Original use | POW camp for 1941 Operation Barbarossa |
Operational | 1941 – November 1943 |
Killed | At least 12,000 Jews at the labour camp (left) [1] |
The Trawniki concentration camp was set up by
The Trawniki camp first opened after the
There were 12,000 Jews imprisoned at Trawniki as of 1943 sorting through trainsets of clothing delivered from Holocaust locations.
Concentration camp operation
The Nazi camp at Trawniki was first established in July 1941 to hold prisoners of war captured in
The Jews who worked there from June 1942 to May 1944 as slave labour for the German war effort were brought in from the Warsaw Ghetto as well as selected transit ghettos across Europe (Germany, Austria, Slovakia) under Operation Reinhard, and from September 1943 as part of the Majdanek concentration camp system of subcamps such as the Poniatowa concentration camp and several others.[3]
Trawniki training camp
From September 1941 until July 1944,
Although the majority of
Camp liquidation, November 3, 1943
Towards the end of October, the entire slave-labour workforce of KL Lublin/Majdanek including Jewish prisoners of the Trawniki concentration camp were ordered to begin the construction of trenches that would become mass graves. Although the trenches were supposedly for defense against air raids, and their zigzag shape granted some plausibility to this lie, the prisoners guessed their true purpose.[16]:232[17]:403–404[18]:285–286 The massacres, later assumed to have been revenge for German defeat at Stalingrad,[4] were set by Christian Wirth for November 3, 1943, under the codename Operation Harvest Festival,[19] simultaneously at Majdanek, Trawniki, Poniatowa, Budzyn, Kraśnik, Puławy and Lipowa subcamps.[20] The bodies of Jews shot in the pits by Trawniki men aided by Battalion 101 were later incinerated by a Sonderkommando from Milejów, who were executed on site upon the completion of their task by the end of 1943.[3]
Operation Harvest Festival, with approximately 43,000 victims, was the single largest German massacre of Jews in the entire war. It surpassed the notorious massacre of more than 33,000 Jews at Babi Yar outside Kiev by 10,000 victims.[21] The Trawniki training camp was dismantled in July 1944 because of the approaching front line.[3] The last 1,000 Hiwis forming the SS Battalion Streibel led by Karl Streibel himself,[22] were transported west to work at the still functioning death camps.[3] The Soviets entered the completely empty facility on July 23, 1944.[3] After the war, they captured and prosecuted hundreds, possibly as many as one thousand Hiwis who returned home to USSR.[3] Most were sentenced to Gulags, and released under the Khrushchev amnesty of 1955.[23]
The number of Hiwis tried in the West was very small by comparison. Six defendants were acquitted on all charges and set free by a West German court in
Failed attempts at recruiting
In January 1943 the
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f Mgr Stanisław Jabłoński (1927–2002). "Hitlerowski obóz w Trawnikach" [The Nazi camp at Trawniki]. The camp history (in Polish). Trawniki official website. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - )
- ^ GFDL.
- ^ a b Mgr Stanisław Jabłoński (1927–2002). "Dożynki" [Operation Harvest Festival]. The camp history (in Polish). Trawniki official website. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - )
- )
- ^ Mgr Stanisław Jabłoński (1927–2002). "Żydzi w Trawnikach" [The Jews of Trawniki village]. The camp history (in Polish). Trawniki official website. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Mgr Stanisław Jabłoński (1927–2002). "Ucieczki z obozu" [Escapes from the concentration camp]. The camp history (in Polish). Trawniki official website. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Browning 1998, p. 52.
- )
- ^ Markus Eikel (2013). "The local administration under German occupation in central and eastern Ukraine, 1941–1944". The Holocaust in Ukraine: New Sources and Perspectives (PDF). Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 110–122 in PDF.
Ukraine differs from other parts of the Nazi-occupied eastern territories because the local administrators were able to form the Ukrainian Hilfsverwaltung in support of the extermination policies in 1941 and 1942, providing assistance for the deportations to camps in 1942 and 1943.
- ISBN 0986837407(page 35).
- ISBN 0253342937(page 21)
- ISBN 0253342937, page 22.
- ^ Sergei Kudryashov, "Ordinary Collaborators: The Case of the Travniki Guards" (in) Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy Essays in Honour of John Erickson edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004; pages 226-227 & 234-235.
- ISBN 978-0-06-230303-5.
- ISBN 978-965-308-464-3.
- JSTOR j.ctv75d8v5.13.
- ^ Jennifer Rosenberg. "Aktion Erntefest". 20th Century History. About.com Education. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
- ^ ARC (2004). "Erntefest". Occupation of the East. ARC. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
- ^ Browning 1998, pp. 135–136.
- ^ a b Ralph Hartmann (2010). "Der Alibiprozeß". Den Aufsatz kommentieren. Ossietzky 9/2010. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
- USHMM. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
- ^ USHMM (May 11, 2012). "Trawniki: Chronology". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
- ^ Georg Bönisch, Jan Friedmann and Cordula Meyer (July 10, 2009). "A Very Ordinary Henchman". Germany > The Holocaust. Spiegel International. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
- ^ Rafał Kuzak (12 September 2012). "Jak zrobić z górali esesmanów? Legion Góralski Waffen SS" [How to make highlanders into SS men. The story of Goralenvolk Legion]. Ciekawostki historyczne. Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak sp. z o.o. (page two).
- OCLC 3417584.
- ISBN 978-1-59454-427-9. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
References
- Browning, Christopher R. (1998) [1992], "Arrival in Poland" (PDF), Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland, Penguin Books, pp. 1–298, archived from the original(PDF file, direct download 7.91 MB complete) on 19 October 2013, retrieved July 12, 2014
- Kudryashov, Sergei, "Ordinary Collaborators: The Case of the Travniki Guards," in Mark and Ljubica Erickson (eds), Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy Essays in Honour of John Erickson (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004), 226–239.
- Steinhart, Eric C. (2009). "The Chameleon of Trawniki: Jack Reimer, Soviet Volksdeutsche, and the Holocaust". doi:10.1093/hgs/dcp032. Retrieved 31 January 2021 – via Project MUSE 90. Project MUSE 90 (abstract; paid access)
- Witold Mędykowski, "Obóz pracy dla Żydów w Trawnikach," Wojciech Lenarczyk, Dariusz Libionka (eds.), Erntefest 3–4 listopada 1943. Zapomniany epizod Zagłady" (Lublin: Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku, 2009), 183–210. ISBN 9788392518754.
- ISBN 978-83-7257-496-1. Retrieved July 12, 2014.)
Archiwum Państwowe w Siedlcach (APS), Akta Gminy Prostyń (AGP), t. 104, "Budowa i odbudowa, 1946–1947".
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:|work=
ignored (help - S.J. (2007). "Trawniki Staff Page. Alphabetical Listing". Aktion Reinhard. H.E.A.R.T. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
Source: Yitzhak Arad, Thomas (Toivi) Blatt, Alexander Donat, Rudolf Reder, Tom Teicholz, Samuel Willenberg, Richard Glazar; museums and private collections.
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Trawniki
- In depth overview of the Trawniki Camp, Trawniki Staff, Photos. - All about Trawniki
- Belzec: Stepping Stone to Genocide, Sources of Manpower
- Circuit Judge (July 13, 2010). "Vladas Zajanckauskas". Petitioner. United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
- "Nazi camp guard Demjanjuk dies". BBC News. March 17, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
- Aderet, Ofer. (Haaretz, Mar 23, 2012), "Convicted Nazi criminal Demjanjuk deemed innocent in Germany over technicality."
- Semotiuk, Andrij A. (Kyiv Post, Mar 21, 2012). "In Memory of John Demjanjuk." Retrieved Apr 24, 2012.
- BBC July 29, 2010
- BBC November 22, 2010
- Kilgannon, Corey (November 1, 2003). "Accused Nazi Guard Speaks Out, Denying He Had Role in Atrocities". New York Times. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
- Report on Palij (in Ukrainian) "Яків Палій." Україна Молода, June 17, 2004. Retrieved May 1, 2013.