Murad II
Murad II | |||||
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Ottoman Sultanate | |||||
Died | 3 February 1451 Edirne, Ottoman Sultanate | (aged 46)||||
Burial | , Turkey | ||||
Consorts |
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Issue Among others | Mehmed II | ||||
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Dynasty | Ottoman | ||||
Father | Mehmed I | ||||
Mother | Emine Hatun or Şahzade Hatun | ||||
Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Tughra |
Murad II (
Murad II's reign saw a period of great economic development, with an increase in trade and a considerable expansion of Ottoman cities. In 1432, the traveller
Early life
Murad was born on 16 June 1404 (or 1403
He spent his early childhood in Amasya. In 1410, Murad came along with his father to the Ottoman capital, Edirne. After his father ascended to the Ottoman throne, he made Murad governor of the Amasya Sanjak. Murad remained at Amasya until the death of Mehmed I in 1421. He was solemnly recognized as sultan of the Ottoman Sultanate at sixteen years of age, girded with the Sword of Osman at Bursa, and the troops and officers of the state willingly paid homage to him as their sovereign.
Reign
Accession and first reign
Murad's reign was troubled by insurrection early on. The
Murad II then formed a new army called
Murad II then declared war against
Abdication and second reign
Murad II relinquished his throne[1] in 1444 to his son Mehmed II, but a Janissary revolt[11] in the Empire forced him to return.
In 1448 he defeated the Christian coalition at the
As ghazi sultan
When Murad ascended the throne, he sought to regain lost Ottoman territories that had reverted to autonomy following his grandfather Bayezid I's defeat at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 at the hands of Timur. He needed the support of both the public and the nobles "who would enable him to exercise his rule", and utilized the old and potent Islamic trope of the ghazi king.[13]
In order to gain popular international support for his conquests, Murad II modeled himself after the legendary Ghazi kings of old. The Ottomans already presented themselves as
After his accession, there was a flurry of translating and compiling activity where old Persian, Arab, and Anatolian epics were translated into Turkish so Murad II could uncover the ghazi king legends.[14] He drew from the noble behavior of the nameless Caliphs in the Battalname, an epic about a fictional Arab warrior who fought against the Byzantines, and modelled his actions on theirs.[14] He was careful to embody the simplicity, piety, and noble sense of justice that was part of the ghazi king persona.
For example, the Caliph in Battalname saw the battle turning in his enemy's favor, and got down from his horse and prayed, after which the battle ended in a victory for him. In the Battle of Varna in 1444, Murad II saw the Hungarians gaining the upper hand, and he got down from his horse and prayed just like the Caliph, and soon after, the tide turned in the Ottoman's favor and the Hungarian king Wladyslaw was killed.[14][13] Similarly, the Caliph in the epic roused his warriors by saying "Those of you who die will be martyrs. Those of you who kill will be ghazis"; before the Battle of Varna, Murad II repeated these words to his army, saying "Those of us who kill will be ghazis; those of us who die will be martyrs."[14] In another instance, since the ghazi king is meant to be just and fair, when Murad took Thessalonica in the Balkans, he took care to keep the troops in check and prevented widespread looting.[13] Finally, just as the fictional Caliph's ghazas were immortalized in Battalname, Murad II's battles and victories were also compiled and given the title "The Ghazas of Sultan Murad" (Gazavat- i Sultan Murad).[14]
Murad II successfully painted himself as a simple soldier who did not partake in royal excesses, and as a noble ghazi sultan who sought to consolidate Muslim power against non-Muslims such as the Venetians and Hungarians. Through this self-presentation, he got the support of the Muslim population of not only the Ottoman territories, for both himself and his extensive, expensive campaigns, but also the greater Muslim populations in the
Appearance
Family
Consorts
Murad II had at least six consorts:[16][17][18][19]
- Beylik of Candar. Also known as Alime Hatun or Sultan Hatun. She married Murad in 1425.
- Hüma Hatun (? – September 1449). Mother of Mehmed II. There are several theories as to her origin, according to differing accounts, she was either of Italian and/or Jewish,[20] Slavic, most likely Serb,[21][22][23] or Greek origins.[24]
- Mara Despina Hatun (c. 1420 – 14 September 1487), born Mara Branković, daughter of Despot of Serbia Durad Branković. She married Murad in September 1435 and was his legal wife. She never converted to Islam and remained a Christian. In Europe she became known as the Sultanina or Sultana Maria. Considered the "adoptive mother" of Mehmed II, who held her in very high regard and call her "mother" in official documents.
- Yeni Hatun, daughter of Şadgeldi Paşahzade Mustafa Bey of the Kutluşah of Amasya.
- Hundi Ümmügülsüm Hatun (? – 14 February 1486). According to some sources, she was two distinct consorts.
- Hatice Hatun, daughter of Taceddin Ibrahim II Bey, son of İsfendiyar Bey (brother of Hatice Halime Hatun) and his first wife.[25] She married Murad following her aunt's death and was the mother of Şehzade Küçük Ahmed. After the death of Murad II her son was executed on the orders of Mehmed II. Mehmed subsequently forced her to marry Ishak Pasha, and she had others eight children.
Sons
Murad II was the sultan who conferred on his sons and their male descendants the title of Şehzade, meaning "descendant of the Şah", replacing the simple honorific of Çelebi. The title of Şehzade remained in use until the abolition of the Ottoman Empire.
Murad II had at least eight sons:
- Şehzade Ahmed (1419 – 1420), also known as Büyük Ahmed (Ahmed the Elder).
- Şehzade Alaeddin Ali (1425 – June 1443) - with Hundi Ümmügülsüm Hatun.[26] Murad's favorite son, he was governor of Manisa and Amasya. In 1443 he took part in the expedition of Karaman and died on his way back from a fall from his horse. Buried in Muradiye Complex of Bursa. He had a known consort, Yeni Hatun, and two sons: Şehzade Giyaşüddin (1441-1445) and Şehzade Taceddin (1442 – 1443).
- Şehzade Isfendiyâr (1425 – 1425) - with Halime Hatun
- Şehzade Hüseyn (? – 1439). Died young
- Şehzade Orhan (? – 1441). Died young
- Mehmed II (1432 – 1481) - with Hüma Hatun. Mehmed succeeded his father as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and was to become known by the epithet Fâtih ("the Conqueror") following his successful conquest of Constantinople in 1453.
- Şehzade Hasan (? – 1444). Died young
- Şehzade Ahmed (May 1450 – 18 February 1451) - with Hatice Hatun. Also known as Küçük Ahmed (Ahmed the Younger). Killed on the orders of Mehmed II while his was mother congratulated Mehmed on his accession to the throne. Mehmed was to subsequently legalize this act with the promulgation of the "Law of Fratricide".
Daughters
Murad II had at least six daughters:
- Hundi Hatun (1423 – ?) - with Hundi Ümmügülsüm Hatun.Şehzade Cem, son of Mehmed II.
- Hatice Hatun (1425 – after 1470) - with Hüma Hatun.[28] She married Candaroğlu İsmail Kemaleddin Bey and had three sons: Hasan Bey, Yahya Bey and Mahmud Bey. Her descendants were still alive during the reign of Abdulmejid I in the 19th century.
- Hafsa Hatun (1426 – ?). She married her cousin Karamanoğlu Kaya Bey, son of her aunt Ilaldi Sultan Hatun, daughter of Mehmed I, by her husband Ibrahim II of Karaman. They had a son, Karamanoğlu Kasim Bey.
- Fatma Hatun (1430 – after 1464) - with Hüma Hatun.Zaganos Pasha and had two sons: Hamza Bey and Ahmed Çelebi, who would become an important adviser to his cousin Bayezid II. After divorced in 1462, she married Mahmud Çelebi.
- Şahzade Selçuk Hatun (1430 – 21 October 1480). She was married twice, first to Güveyi Karaça Paşah (d. 1456) and then to Yusuf Sinaneddin Paşah (d. 1486). She was buried next to Şehzade Alaeddin Ali.
- Ilaldi Hatun. She married Kasim Bey, of the İsfendiyaroğullarıof Sinop.
Portrayals
Murad II is portrayed by İlker Kurt in 2012 film Fetih 1453, by Vahram Papazian in the Albanian movie The Great Warrior Skanderbeg in 1953, and by Tolga Tekin in the 2020 Netflix series Rise of Empires: Ottoman.
References
- ^ a b c "Murad II | Ottoman sultan". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ^ a b c محمد فريد; حقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي (2006). تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة. Beirut - Lebanon. p. 153.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Avery Plaw, (2012), The Metamorphosis of War, p. 128
- ^ Halil İnalcık (1973). The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300-1600. pp. 21–22.
- ^ أحمد منجم باشي; دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال (2009). كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ. Beirut - Lebanon: دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر. p. 396.
- ISBN 978-6-051-71080-8.
- ISBN 978-975-389-458-6.
- ISBN 978-9-751-60461-3.
- ISBN 978-0-7914-8726-6.
- ^ Finkel, C., Osman's Dream:The History of the Ottoman Empire, Osman 2005, pp.43, Basic Books
- ISBN 0-520-20600-2
- ^ Mesut Uyar and Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk, (ABC-CLIO, 2009), 29.
- ^ a b c Finkel, Caroline (2007). Osman's Dream. New York and London: Basic Books. pp. 39, 41, 46.
- ^ a b c d e f g Anooshahr, Ali (2009). The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam. New York and London: Routledge. pp. 123, 142, 143, 150, 151, 164.
- ^ Vryonis, Speros Jr (1971). The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 278.
- ^ Franz Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, (Princeton University Press, 1978), 14.
- ^ Necdet Sakaoğlu, Famous Ottoman Women, (Avea, 2007), 40.
- ^ Murat Iyigun, War, Peace, and Prosperity in the Name of God, (University of Chicago Press, 2015), 119.
- ^ Peter F. Sugar, A History of East Central Europe:Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804, Vol. 5, (University of Washington Press, 1996), 16.
- ISBN 978-0-691-01078-6.
- OCLC 55896257.
- ISBN 978-605-4052-11-0.
- ISBN 978-3-643-90329-7.
- OCLC 965535039.)
Mehmed's maternal ancestry is shrouded in mystery. Franz Babinger notes that his mother was a 'slave', which ensures that she was not of Turkish origin, and that she probably was of Greek descent (Franz Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time, edited by William C. Hickman and translated by Ralph Manheim, Bollingen Series xcvi (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 12).
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ The second was Selçuk Hatun, Murad II's half-sister.
- ^ According to sources which consider Hundi and Ümmügülsüm to be two distinct consorts, he was the son of Hundi Hatun.
- ^ According to sources which consider Hundi and Ümmügülsüm to be two distinct consorts, she was the daughter of Ümmügülsüm Hatun.
- ^ OCLC 8115229.
- Attribution
- This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Creasy, Edward (1878). History of the Ottoman Turks; From the beginning of their empire to the present time.
Further reading
- OCLC 164968842.
- Harris, Jonathan, The End of Byzantium. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-300-11786-8
- Imber, Colin, The Ottoman Empire. London: Palgrave/Macmillan, 2002. ISBN 0-333-61387-2
External links
Media related to Murad II at Wikimedia Commons
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 14. .
- Encyclopædia Britannica