Shechem

Coordinates: 32°12′49″N 35°16′55″E / 32.213618°N 35.281993°E / 32.213618; 35.281993
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the biblical city of Shechem. For the modern-day city in the West Bank, see
Shechem (son of Manasseh)
.
For Shechem, the biblical figure who raped Dinah, see
Shechem (biblical figure)
.

Shechem
שְׁכֶם‎
Canaanites, Israelites, Samaritans

Shechem (

Amarna Letters, it later appears in the Hebrew Bible as the first capital of the Kingdom of Israel following the split of the United Monarchy.[2] According to Joshua 21:20–21, it was located in the tribal territorial allotment of the tribe of Ephraim. Shechem declined after the fall of the northern Kingdom of Israel. The city later regained its importance as a prominent Samaritan center during the Hellenistic period.[3]

Traditionally associated with the city of

Balata al-Balad suburb of the West Bank
.

Geographical position

Balata in the 1880s in the PEF Survey of Palestine. Nablus is stated as being the location of Biblical Shechem, in contrast to the modern identification with Tell Balata.

Shechem's position is indicated in the

Madaba map, which places its Sykhem between one of its two sets of "Tour Gobel" (Ebal) and the "Tour Garizin" (Garizim). The site of Shechem in patristic sources is almost invariably identified with,[5] or located close to,[6] the town of Flavia Neapolis (Nablus
).

History

Shechem was a ancient commercial center due to its position in the middle of vital trade routes through the region.[citation needed] An old "Way of the Patriarchs" trade route runs in the north–south direction.[citation needed]

Chalcolithic

The oldest settlement in Shechem goes back to about five thousand years ago, during the Chalcolithic period (3500-3000 BCE). At that time agriculture was already practiced.[7]

Early Bronze

During the Early Bronze Age, activity seems to have moved to the nearby area of Khirbet Makhneh el-Fauqa.[8] Some publications claim that Shechem is mentioned in the third-millennium Ebla tablets, but this has been denied by archaeologists.[9]

Middle Bronze

The Sebek-khu Stele, dated to the reign of Senusret III (reign: 1878–1839 BCE), records the earliest known Egyptian military campaign in the Levant. The text reads "Then Sekmem fell, together with the wretched Retenu", where Sekmem (s-k-m-m) is thought to be Shechem, and the "Retunu" or "Retjenu" a people of the Levant.

The first substantial building activity at Shechem (Strata XXII-XXI) dates from the Middle Bronze Age IIA (c. 1900 BCE).

stele of a noble at the court of Senusret III
(c. 1880–1840 BCE).

Middle Bronze IIB

Fortifications were made in the MB IIB (XX-XIX).[10]

Late Bronze

Aa18
Z1		 V31
G1		 U1G1T14N25
sꜣkꜣmꜣꜣ[11][12]
in hieroglyphs
Era: New Kingdom
(1550–1069 BC)
Amarna letter EA 252. Letter from Labayu (ruler of Shechem) to the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep III or his son Akhenaten. 14th century BCE. From Tell el-Amarna, Egypt. British Museum

In the

Habiru. Labaya was the author of three Amarna letters (EA 252, EA 253, and EA 254
), and his name appears in 11 of the other 382 letters, referred to 28 times, with the basic topic of the letter, being Labaya himself, and his relationship with the rebelling, countryside Habiru.

Late Bronze IIB

Shechem may be identical to the Sakama mentioned in an account dated to the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt (around 1200 BCE).[11][12][13][14] (See Papyrus Anastasi I.)

Iron Age

Iron Age II

During the Iron Age II, Shechem was a city in the northern Kingdom of Israel. It had an estimated population of 1,200 during the 9th and 8th centuries BCE, according to archaeologist William G. Dever.[15]

During the

Babylonian Captivity (606 to 536 BCE), those Judahites who remained in the Kingdom of Judah re-established the altar at Shechem to keep the Israelite worship system going when access to the Temple in Jerusalem was cut off.[16]

Classical antiquity

Main article: Nablus
Further information: Samaritan revolts

Hellenistic Period

During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, Shechem was the main settlement of the Samaritans, whose religious center stood on Mount Gerizim, just outside the town.

Roman Period - Province of Judea

In 6 CE, Shechem was annexed to the

Province of Judea. Of the Samaritans of Sichem not a few[clarification needed] rose up in arms on Mt. Gerizim at the time of the Galilean rebellion (67 CE), which was part of the First Jewish–Roman War. The city was very likely destroyed by Sextus Vettulenus Cerialis,[17]
during that war.

In 72 CE, a new city, Flavia Neapolis, was built by

Jewish Antiquities
4.8.44), placed the city between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal. Elsewhere he refers to it as Neapolis.

In Emperor

Jupiter.[18][full citation needed
]

Like Shechem, Neapolis had a very early Christian community, including the early saint Justin Martyr; we hear even of bishops of Neapolis.[19] On several occasions the Christians suffered greatly at the hands of the Samaritans. In 474 the emperor, to avenge what Christians considered an unjust attack by the Samaritans, deprived the latter of Mt. Gerizim and gave it to the Christians, who built on it a church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin.[20]

Later history

Main article: Nablus

The city of Nablus was Islamicized in the Abbasid and Ottoman periods.[citation needed] In 1903 near Nablus, a German party of archaeologists led by Dr. Hermann Thiersch stumbled upon the site called Tell Balata and now identified as ancient Shechem. Nablus is still referred to as Shechem by Israeli Hebrew speakers, even though the original site of Shechem lies east of the modern-day city.[3]

Shechem in 2013

In the Bible

Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)

The old city of Shechem as seen from Mitzpe Yosef

Shechem first appears in the Hebrew Bible in

Deuteronomy, Joshua and Judges hallow Shechem over all other cities of the land of Israel.[21] According to Genesis (12:6–7) Abram "built an altar to the Lord who had appeared to him… and had given that land to his descendants" at Shechem. The Bible states that on this occasion, God confirmed the covenant he had first made with Abraham in Harran, regarding the possession of the land of Canaan. In Jewish tradition, the old name was understood in terms of the Hebrew word shékém – "shoulder, saddle
", corresponding to the mountainous configuration of the place.

On a later sojourn, two sons of

Hivite, the prince of the land" of Shechem. Shimon and Levi said to the Shechemites that, if "every male among you is circumcised, then we will give our daughters to you and take your daughters to ourselves."[22] Once the Shechemites agree to the mass circumcision, however, Jacob's sons repay them by killing all of the city's male inhabitants.[23] This eventually leads to Shimon and Levi not getting a blessing from Jacob
as he had disapproved of their actions.

Following the settlement of the Israelites in Canaan after their

Moreh where Abram had set up camp during his travels in this area.[25]

Shechem and its surrounding lands were given as a Levitical city to the Kohathites.[26]

Owing to its central position, no less than to the presence in the neighborhood of places hallowed by the memory of Abraham (Genesis 12:6, 7; 34:5),

Joseph's tomb (Joshua 24:32), the city was destined to play an important part in the history of Israel.[citation needed] Jerubbaal (Gideon), whose home was at Ophrah, visited Shechem, and his concubine who lived there was mother of his son Abimelech (Judges 8:31). She came from one of the leading Shechemite families who were influential with the "Lords of Shechem" (Judges 9:1–3, wording of the New Revised Standard Version and New American Bible Revised Edition).[27]

After Gideon's death, Abimelech was made king (Judges 9:1–45).

Chronicles
10:1).

After the kings of Israel moved, first to

Antiochus IV (Antiquities, XII, v, 5, see also Antinomianism in the Books of the Maccabees) and welcomed with open arms every renegade who came to them from Jerusalem (Antiq., XI, viii, 7), fell about 128 BC before John Hyrcanus
, and their temple was destroyed (Antiquities, XIII, ix, 1).

The

Jewish Encyclopedia went as far as to state that Shechem is the only city to meet all the requirements for Bethulia's location, and stated: "The identity of Bethulia with Shechem is thus beyond all question".[28]

New Testament

Shechem is mentioned in

The Book of Acts (Acts 7, Acts 7:16
).

It is not known whether the

romanized: Sykhár) in the Gospel of John (John 4:5) refers to Shechem or to another nearby village: "So he came to a Samaritan city called Sychar, near the plot of ground that Jacob had given to his son Joseph."[29]

John 4 (John 4:15) mentions one of the women of Sychar going to Jacob's Well. Some scholars believe the location of Sychar is at the foot of Mount Ebal, but other scholars disagree because the proposed location is 1 km (0.62 mi) from Jacob's Well, which they think is not close enough for the women of Sychar to have fetched their water there. Based on John 4:15, these scholars have argued that Shechem is the Samaritan city of Sychar described in the Gospel of John.[29]

Some of the inhabitants of Sychar were "Samaritans" who believed in Jesus when he tarried two days in the neighborhood (John 4). Sychar and/or Shechem city must have been visited by the Apostles on their way from Samaria to Jerusalem (Acts 8:25).[citation needed]

Distinguish from

See also

References

  1. ^ LXX.
  2. ^ "I Book of Kings 12:25". Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  3. ^ a b "Shechem | Israel, Mountains, & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  4. ^ ' The present Nābulus is a corruption merely of Neapolis; and Neapolis succeeded the more ancient Shechem. All the early writers who touch on the topography of Palestine, testify to this identity of the two.' William Smith (ed.) Dictionary of the Bible,, rev. and edited by H.B.Hackett and Ezra Abbot, Hurd & Houghton New York 1870, vol.IV, "Shechem"' pp.2952–2958, p.2953.
  5. ^ St. Jerome, St. Epiphanius
  6. ^ Eusebius, Onomasticon, Euchem; Medaba map
  7. ^ Tell Balata Archaeological Park: guidebook. Palestine. Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. 2014 unesco.org
  8. ^ a b The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land Archived 2 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Volume 3. Ephraim Stern, ed. Israel Exploration Society & Carta, 1993
  9. ^ James D. Muhly, Ur and Jerusalem Not Mentioned in Ebla Tablets, Say Ebla Expedition Scholars, BAR 9:06, Nov-Dec 1983. – “There is no reference to Jerusalem in the Ebla tablets, the Italians say, nor is there any mention of Megiddo, Lachish, Shechem or the Biblical Cities of the Plain.”
  10. ^ Seger, J. D., & סיגר, ג. (1975). הביצורים מתקופת-הברונזה התיכונה II בשכם ובגזר / THE MB II FORTIFICATIONS AT SHECHEM AND GEZER: A HYKSOS RETROSPECTIVE. Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה, יב, 34*-45*. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23619089
  11. ^ a b Gauthier, Henri (1928). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 5. p. 10.
  12. ^ a b Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 1033.
  13. ^ Muller, Asien und Europa, p. 394, Leipzig, 1893.
  14. ISBN 3-8053-1771-9
    .
  15. ISBN 978-0-88414-218-8
    .
  16. ^ Oded Lipschits, The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2005).
  17. ^ Josephus, The Jewish War, III, vii, 32
  18. ^ Dion Cass., xv, 12
  19. ^ Philippe Labbe, "Concordia", I, 1475, 1488; II, 325
  20. ^ Procopius, Buildings, v, 7
  21. ^ Yitzakh Magen, "The Dating of the First Phase of the Samaritan Temple on Mt Gerizim in Light of Archaeological Evidence", in Oded Lipschitz, Gary N. Knoppers, Rainer Albertz (eds.) Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E., Eisenbrauns, 2007 pp.157ff., 184.
  22. ^ Genesis 34:15–16
  23. ^ "Brit milah, the Biblical origins", My Jewish learning
  24. ^ Joshua 24:1–27
  25. ^ Genesis 12:6
  26. ^ Joshua 21:21
  27. ^ Gill's Exposition of Judges 9, accessed 29 October 2016
  28. ^ "Jewish Encyclopedia - Book of Judith".
  29. ^
    ISBN 978-0-310-49235-1
    .

Sources
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