Visual pollution
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Visual pollution refers to the visible deterioration and negative
As such, visual pollution is not considered a primary source of pollution but a secondary symptom of intersecting pollution sources. Its secondary nature and subjective aspect sometimes makes it difficult to measure and engage with[3][4] (e.g. within quantitative figures for policymakers). However, the history of the word pollution, and pollution's effect over time, reveals the fact that every form of pollution can be categorised and studied in its three main characteristics, namely contextual, subjective and complex.[2] Frameworks for measurement have been established and include public opinion polling and surveys, visual comparison, spatial metrics, and ethnographic work.[5][6][7][8][9]
Visual pollution can manifest across levels of analysis, from micro instances that effect the individual to macro issues that impact society as a whole. Instances of visual pollution can take the form of plastic bags stuck in trees, advertisements with contrasting colors and content, which create an oversaturation of anthropogenic visual information within a landscape,[10][11] to community-wide impacts of overcrowding, overhead power lines, or congestion. Poor urban planning and irregular built-up environments contrast with natural spaces, creating alienating landscapes.[8][12] Using Pakistan as a case study, a detailed analysis of all visual pollution objects was published in 2022.[2]
The effects of visual pollution have primary symptoms, such as distraction, eye fatigue, decreases in opinion diversity, and loss of identity.[8] It has also been shown to increase biological stress responses and impair balance.[13] As a secondary source of pollution, these also compound with the impact of its primary source such as light or noise pollution that can create multi-layered public health concerns and crisis.
Sources
Local managers of urban areas sometimes lack control over what is built and assembled in public places. As businesses look for ways to increase the profits, cleanliness, architecture, logic and use of space in urban areas are suffering from visual clutter.[14] Variations in the built environment are determined by the location of street furniture such as public transport stations, garbage cans, large panels and stalls. Insensitivity of local administration is another cause for visual pollution. For example, poorly planned buildings and transportation systems create visual pollution. High-rise buildings, if not planned properly or sufficiently, can bring adverse change to the visual and physical characteristics of a city, which may reduce said city's readability.[8]
A frequent criticism of advertising is that there is too much of it.[14] Billboards, for example, have been alleged to distract drivers, corrupt public taste, promote meaningless and wasteful consumerism and clutter the land.[12] See highway beautification. Vandalism, in the form of graffiti, is defined as street markings, offensive, inappropriate, and tasteless messages made without the owner's consent.[14] Graffiti adds to visual clutter as it disturbs the view.
Visual Pollution Assessment
The process of measuring, quantifying or assessing the level of visual pollution at any place is called a visual pollution assessment (VPA).[9] In past few years,[as of?] the demand for methods to assess visual pollution in communities has increased. Recently, a tool was introduced for visual pollution measurement which can be used to measure the presence of various visual pollution objects (VPOs) and the resultant level of visual pollution. A detailed analysis of visual pollution, its context, case studies and analysis using the tool is discussed in Visual Pollution: Concepts, Practices and Management Framework by Nawaz et al.[2]
Prevention
United States
In the United States, there are several initiatives gradually taking place to prevent visual pollution. The Federal
Businesses situated near an interstate can create problems of advertising through large billboards; however, now an alternative solution for advertisers is gradually eliminating the problem. For example, logo signs that provide directional information for travelers without disfiguring the landscape are increasing and are a step toward decreasing visual pollution on highways in America.[15]
Brazil
In September 2006, São Paulo passed the Cidade Limpa (Clean City Law), outlawing the use of all outdoor advertisements, including on billboards, transit, and in front of stores.[16]
See also
- Clutter (marketing)
- Eyesore
- Light pollution
- Noise pollution
- Cidade Limpa
References
- ^ Futura-Sciences. "Visual pollution". Futura-Sciences. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-80382-042-2.
- OCLC 1010680073.
- S2CID 60447315.
- ISSN 2073-445X.
- ^ Da Silva, Marina. "Visual Pollution". designwithme.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- S2CID 425572.
- ^ .
- ^ .
- S2CID 425572.
- .
- ^ SSRN 1463592.
- PMID 31900468.
- ^ S2CID 151162637.
- ^ ProQuest 229617956.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
External links
- "Visual Pollution - Albuquerque's Environmental Story". Friends of Albuquerque's Environmental Story.
- "Visual pollution". The Economist. 11 October 2007.
- "Seven Principles of Scenic Conservation". Scenic America. 18 September 2019.