WSCR

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Coordinates: 41°56′3.11″N 88°4′22.25″W / 41.9341972°N 88.0728472°W / 41.9341972; -88.0728472
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see WSCR (disambiguation).

WSCR
Ownership
Owner
WBBM, WBBM-FM, WBMX, WCFS-FM, WUSN, WXRT[1]
History
First air date
April 12, 1922; 102 years ago (1922-04-12)[2]
Former call signs
  • WGU (1922)
  • WMAQ (1922–2000)
Call sign meaning
Score
Technical information[3]
Licensing authority
FCC
Facility ID25445
ClassA
Power50,000 watts
Transmitter coordinates
Repeater(s)104.3 WBMX-HD2 (Chicago)
Links
Public license information
WebcastListen live (via Audacy)
Websitewww.audacy.com/670thescore

WSCR (670

Chicago, Illinois, which serves the Chicago metropolitan area. Owned by Audacy, Inc., WSCR is a clear-channel station
with extended nighttime range in most of the Central United States and part of the Eastern United States. WSCR is Chicago's oldest surviving radio station, although it is the third in the Chicago market to use the WSCR call sign and "Score" branding.

Studios are located at Two Prudential Plaza in the Chicago Loop, while the station transmitter site is in suburban Bloomingdale, diplexed with co-owned WBBM. Besides its main analog transmission, WSCR transmits continuously[note 1] over a single HD Radio channel using the in-band on-channel standard,[4] simulcasts over the second digital subchannel of WBMX, and streams online via Audacy.

The station went on the air in April 1922 as WGU, and carried the

WMAQ-FM (101.1 FM). A sale to Westinghouse Broadcasting in 1988 resulted in WMAQ becoming an all-news radio station throughout the 1990s. Since 2000, the station has been the third in the Chicago market to use the WSCR call sign and "Score" branding, adopting a format that originated in 1992 on 820 AM, and was heard on 1160 AM
from 1997 to 2000.

Programming

WSCR is the Chicago affiliate for the

flagship station for the Chicago Cubs and Chicago Bulls radio networks; and the home of radio personalities David Haugh and Matt Spiegel. It is the exclusive Chicago radio outlet for DePaul Blue Demons men's basketball, Chicago Cubs baseball on a ridiculously delayed broadcast and Chicago Bulls basketball. WSCR also carries other live sports programming from Infinity Sports Network (formerly CBS Sports Radio) and Westwood One
.

The Score's long-time listeners, callers, and e-mailers are known as "Score Heads", and often use colorful

monikers.[5][6] The station has also done remote broadcasts from various locations.[5]

Beginning in 2005, WSCR aired

NFL on Westwood One
.

History

1920s

Effective December 1, 1921, the Department of Commerce, which regulated radio at this time, adopted a regulation creating a broadcasting station category, authorizing operation on the "entertainment" wavelength of 360 meters (833 kHz) and the "market and weather" wavelength of 485 meters (619 kHz).[7]

Just weeks before the station's inaugural broadcast, Walter A. Strong, business manager of the Daily News, realized the station would need a manager. Strong knew a young woman, Judith C. Waller, with some ad agency experience. He called her and said, "I've just bought a radio station; come down and run it." Waller protested that she did not know anything about running a station. Strong replied "neither do I, but come down and we'll find out".[8] Waller was hired in February 1922. She went on to have a long and distinguished career in broadcasting.

The station was first licensed on March 29, 1922, as WGU with 100 watts on 360 meters, to The Fair in Chicago.

The Fair Department Store and the Chicago Daily News, WGU's first transmitter sat atop the department store.[2][10][11] WGU made its debut broadcast on April 12.[2][12] There are questions whether anyone heard this initial half-hour broadcast, as technical problems forced WGU to shut down beginning the next day, while waiting for a replacement transmitter. Other limitations included interference from the tall buildings in the surrounding area, and the station's low power.[2][13][14]

There were two Chicago stations that preceded WGU's start. The City of Chicago had a station, with similar call letters, WBU, and Westinghouse's KYW had begun the year before.[15][16][17]

WGU was briefly deleted on September 29, 1922,[18] then relicensed three days later as WMAQ, jointly to The Fair Corporation and the Chicago Daily News, still on 360 meters.[19] The new call letters were randomly assigned from a sequential roster of available call signs. The WMAQ call letters were first heard on October 2, 1922, with the inaugural show featuring comedian Ed Wynn.[2][20] The station's longtime motto "We Must Answer Questions", was derived from this call sign.[21] In late 1923, WMAQ's power was increased to 500 watts.[22]

WMAQ broadcast towers atop La Salle Hotel, where the studios were also located – 1925.

By early 1923 there were 20 radio stations on the air in Chicago alone. Most of these smaller radio stations faded out because of money issues. The Chicago stations that survived for many years usually had a store, newspaper or organization behind them which was willing to weather the early times when many radio stations did not make a profit.

NBC. At that point she became the director of public affairs programming for NBC's central division, holding that title until her retirement in 1957.[24][25][26][27][28]

By early 1923, the Daily News was convinced enough in the power of radio to buy out the Fair Store's 51% interest in the station.[2][12][29] The Daily News moved the station and its transmitter to the tallest building in Chicago at the time—the La Salle Hotel on West Washington street in the West Loop.[30][31][32][11]

At first all stations in a given region shared time on the single entertainment wavelength of 360 meters. In September 1922 the Department of Commerce set aside a second entertainment wavelength, 400 meters (750 kHz) for "Class B" stations that had quality equipment and programming.[33] In May 1923, additional "Class B" frequencies were made available, with Chicago assigned the use of 670 kHz,[34] and WMAQ was assigned, initially exclusively, to this new frequency.[35][36] With a new location and new frequency of 670 kHz, WMAQ went on the air July 2, 1923, although it later had to share this frequency with another local station, WQJ, which was jointly owned by the Calumet Baking Powder Company and the Rainbo Gardens Ballroom on North Clark Street.[37] Rainbo was one of the country's top ballrooms and Calumet's broadcasts brought the company much publicity for its products.[38] The Daily News bought out WQJ in 1927 which made the 670 frequency exclusively available for WMAQ.[12][39][40]

Within four weeks after its move, WMAQ obtained the exclusive Chicago rights from

Warren Harding's address from San Francisco.[11] It also had the rights for his memorial services on August 10, 1923. At the time, it was AT&T's policy to sell the exclusive broadcasting rights for an event to one radio station per city. Shortly before the special event, AT&T would send telegrams to all radio stations, informing them of what event was to take place. The first radio station to respond was then granted the exclusive broadcast rights in that city.[41] WMAQ later broadcast both the 1924 Republican and Democratic conventions by this same arrangement.[42][43]

By 1924, the station took an active interest in broadcasting sporting events, airing the 1924 World Series and convincing William Wrigley to carry all Chicago Cubs home games from Wrigley Field in 1925, the first time one station aired an entire season of Cubs games.[42] Hal Totten, a Daily News sportswriter, was WMAQ's first sportscaster.[44][45] Beginning in the fall of 1925, college football games from the University of Chicago were also broadcast. WMAQ was the first to carry an intercollegiate football game in the United States.[42][43][46]

The former home of WMAQ and the Chicago Daily News

WMAQ became a

Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) as a charter affiliate.[40] It was one of the 16 stations that aired the first CBS network program on September 18, 1927.[40]

Wanting to expand its coverage area, WMAQ needed a new stronger transmitter. A site for it was purchased outside of the city. In 1928, the new station transmitter was constructed in Elmhurst.[47][48][11] It was also time to move the studios from the La Salle Hotel. Walter Strong, who by then had become the publisher of the Daily News, had just finished construction of new building for his newspaper that included studio space for WMAQ. By September 1929, the station had moved to Daily News Building at 400 West Madison (today 2 North Riverside Plaza).[49][50][51] In April 1930, WMAQ was organized as a subsidiary corporation with Walter Strong as its chairman of the board, and Judith Waller as vice president and station manager.[52]

A new radio show called

syndication rights. General manager Judith Waller saw the potential of the radio show and granted these rights to the duo as part of their WMAQ contract.[57] Because WGN owned the rights to the characters Sam and Henry, Gosden and Correll made some revisions to their act and renamed the characters for their new program Amos and Andy.[56] Since WMAQ was affiliated with CBS at the time, Waller tried to convince the network to make Amos 'n' Andy a network program, but there was no interest. NBC brought the program to its Blue Network in the fall of 1929, paying the duo a record $100,000 for the right to broadcast the program.[56][58]

1930s

By 1930, the Daily News began experimenting with

WCFL Navy Pier transmitter to provide the video and radio station WIBO for the audio portions of the broadcast.[63][68] Both the technical limitations and economic climate of the times brought an end to the station's experimental broadcasts in August 1933.[69] It was the beginning of WMAQ-TV, which would not return until after World War II.[70]

The Merchandise Mart: WMAQ was here for the years it was owned by NBC.

On November 1, 1931, the Daily News sold WMAQ to the

WMAQ-FM (101.1 FM)
.

On September 15, 1935, WMAQ once again changed transmitter sites. It relocated to Bloomingdale, with its power increasing from 5,000 watts to the maximum 50,000 watts.[11][51][75] Clear channels were reassigned in 1934, with Illinois losing a frequency and Pennsylvania gaining it. Preserving its clear channel frequency for KYW meant Westinghouse needed to move it out of Chicago. So Westinghouse moved KYW east to Philadelphia in late 1934, leaving an unneeded transmitter building and site behind, which is where WMAQ relocated its transmitter.[76][77][78][79] WMAQ's new daytime signal provided secondary coverage to most of Illinois, including Peoria and Springfield. It also provided a strong signal to much of southern Wisconsin (with Milwaukee getting a city-grade signal) and almost half of Indiana. At night, it reached most of the eastern three-fourths of North America.

Fibber McGee and Molly from Chicago, 1937

WMAQ carried original local and network programming.

NBC West Coast Radio City.[85][86]

NBC Red Network.[87][88]

Radio from the Merchandise Mart centered around the many studios on the 19th floor. Only one studio, Studio F, was on the 20th.

I've Got A Secret) and Durward Kirby (The Garry Moore Show) were on the WMAQ staff, as was Mike Wallace, later of 60 Minutes fame.[88][92][93][94] Dave Garroway (1913–1982) also arrived on the NBC airwaves via WMAQ with his 1160 Club playing big band and jazz music in the 1940s.[95][96] Garroway was also responsible for organizing a series of local jazz concerts and establishing a Chicago lounge "Jazz Circuit" in 1947 which revived interest in the music genre.[97][98] In 1948 and 1949, Garroway was voted the nation's top Disk Jockey by his peers in Billboard's annual poll.[99][100]
Garroway would eventually host a number of television shows including the Today Show.

1940s

WSCR's transmitter building in Bloomingdale Township

In the 1940s, radio stations like WMAQ began playing recorded music during some hours. For many years due to union constraints, all music broadcast on the network was live. Stations in large cities had to maintain full-time orchestras on their payrolls.[101][102] The organ music which was a part of many of the radio "soap operas" was provided by union musicians. When turntables entered studio control rooms, the musicians were replaced by the turntable operator or "record turner".[103] It was the job of the turntable operator (a member of the American Federation of Musicians), to play any recorded music.[104] The Musician's Union received jurisdiction over the turntables because it was reasoned that each turntable was responsible for five "live" musicians losing their employment.[105] Not until the late 1960s did the union turntable operator leave the control rooms of NBC Chicago.[106][107]

For those who had aspirations of becoming broadcasters, WMAQ was a good place to get started in the medium, even if the job was not on the air. The station encouraged its young employees with dreams of working at a microphone by assisting with tuition for college broadcasting courses and holding workshops at the station where those with stars in their eyes were given the chance to display their skills in a "real world" setting. Herb Kent, a Chicago radio pioneer, first came to work in the mailroom at WMAQ as a young high school graduate in the late 1940s. He credits WMAQ and Hugh Downs, who was then a WMAQ staff announcer, with providing him with the tools and encouragement he needed.[108][109][110] After getting some announcing experience, Kent returned to WMAQ, this time on the air as a radio actor.[111]

In the mid-1940s, the WMAQ Radio live studios in the Merchandise Mart were converted to TV studios for use by a new television station. Channel 5 signed on the air on October 8, 1948. Its call letters were WNBQ.[112] Those letters combined the initials for National Broadcasting, plus the Q from WMAQ's call sign. That same year, WMAQ also signed on an FM station at 101.1. WMAQ-FM (today WKQX) largely simulcast AM 670 for its first two decades on the air. It broadcast with 24,000 watts with its transmitter atop the Civic Opera Building on North Wacker Drive.

The popularity of the radio soap operas which began in Chicago made it necessary for NBC to construct six more radio studios on the 19th floor. WMAQ Radio moved to these smaller studios.

Civic Opera House in 1952. This freed up more space for WMAQ.[107]

The station was a leader in the use of helicopters for traffic reports. In 1948, it used a two-man crew in the air to report traffic on the July 4 weekend. The traffic team covered the Chicago area by air, landing to phone in their reports, which were put on the air.[115][116]

In 1949, the station suffered what could have been a crippling blow. Its main antenna at the Bloomingdale transmitter site collapsed. WMAQ was able to stay on the air, but not at its normal 50,000–watt power. While the main antenna was out of service, NBC found a solution with some history to it to get WMAQ back broadcasting at full power. RCA had a tower in storage in one of its New Jersey facilities that was used as part of its 1939 New York World's Fair exhibit. The tower, which originally came from NBC-owned WTAM in Cleveland, was shipped to Chicago and became the acting main antenna. It remains standing today at Bloomingdale site.[76][79] The station launched a new main antenna tower at Bloomingdale in 1951, which was considered to be one of the tallest tower structures in the U.S. at the time.[117]

1950s

In 1950, The Chez Show originated from the Chez Paree nightclub on North Fairbanks in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood. It was one of Chicago's top night spots, as many popular celebrities could be found there, either as performers or as patrons.[118] The original hosts of this weekday late-night interview program were Mike Wallace and his wife, Buff Cobb.[119][120] In 1951, Jack Eigen (1913–1983) took over as host of the program, a position he held for most of the next 20 years.[121][122][123] After the Chez Paree closed in the spring of 1960, the program became The Jack Eigen Show and the interviews continued from WMAQ's Studio G, where there was room enough for a small audience, and from Chicago's Sherman House Hotel. The hotel's College Inn was another popular local venue for entertainment and entertainers.[113][124][125][126][127][128]

Beginning in 1956, the overnight hours were the domain of

owned and operated station.[130] It was WMAQ's Dave Garroway who discovered Daddy-O tending bar in 1947 and suggested he train for work in radio. By 1948, Daddy-O was on the air on Chicago's WAIT.[131][132] When Garroway discovered Daylie, he was the host of the 1160 Club overnight on WMAQ, also playing jazz.[133]

Other performers who would go on to make their mark on local broadcasting got their "break" at WMAQ too. One of them was

Bozo's Circus in 1961.[134]

1960s

On May 4, 1964, WMAQ switched from a beautiful music format to a MOR-pop standard format, featuring music by artists such as Andy Williams, Nat King Cole, and Jack Jones.[127][135][136] The Jack Eigen Show continued to air late nights.[127] A 1964 campaign asking listeners to vote for Elvis Presley or Chubby Checker was just a publicity stunt, but it was enough to start rumors in the broadcasting and record industries that the station was moving to a Top 40 format.[127][136]

On August 31, 1964, Channel 5 changed its call letters to WMAQ-TV to match WMAQ radio, as the stations emphasized their common NBC ownership.[137][138]

When Floyd Brown joined the staff in 1965, his photo wound up on the cover of the RCA Employee magazine next to one of

NBC-TV. Floyd was the first African American hired as a network announcer. A radio veteran, having been involved at the start of Gordon McLendon's WYNR, his smooth voice, his upbeat personality, and his ability to discuss everything from Big Bands to Beatles to Chicago Bears, informed and entertained WMAQ listeners when he became a regular program host.[139][140][141]

1970s

During the early 1970s, WMAQ aired a format blending music, talk, news and sports, using the on-air name "67-Q". Although the station never shifted completely to

WCFL.[146][147][148][149][150][151] A 1975 format change to country music saw WMAQ taking on WJJD. The entire WMAQ air staff was replaced.[152][153][154]

Jim Hill (1929–2005), long-time staff announcer and radio host, moved into the

hockey team. This was the era of the "Good Morning Guys", including Pat Cassidy, Lee Sherwood, Bob Tracy, Jerry Taft, and Tim Weigel
.

1980s and 1990s

NBC Tower, where WMAQ moved in 1989. WSCR also broadcast here before moving to Two Prudential Plaza.

By early 1986, WMAQ had begun phasing out country music in favor of talk programming, with the station completing its transition on November 17, 1986.[158][159][160][161] Hosts on the station included Morton Downey Jr. and Chet Coppock.[162][163][164]

After 57 years, NBC disposed of all of the company's radio stations following RCA's merger with General Electric, with WMAQ being sold to Group W in 1988. This was Westinghouse's third stint at station ownership in the Chicago market, having founded KYW before relocating that station to Philadelphia in 1934, and later with WIND from 1955 to 1985.

At 5 a.m. on March 1, 1988, Group W switched WMAQ to an

all-news format, patterned after its successful all-news outlets in New York (WINS), Los Angeles (KFWB) and Philadelphia (KYW).[165][166] The slogan was the same as those other stations: "You Give Us 22 Minutes, We'll Give You The World". Long-time WMAQ morning news anchor Pat Cassidy (later with WBBM) was on the air when the switch was made to all-news. The news staff included two veteran WMAQ reporters, Bill Cameron and Bob Roberts, holdover anchor Nancy Benson, Jay Congdon, Christopher Michael, Lisa Meyer, Larry Langford (son of the late Chicago Ald. Anna Langford), Dave Berner, Mike Doyle, Jim Gudas, Cisco Cotto, John Dempsey, Chris Robling, Mike Krauser, Corrie Wynns and crime reporter Doug Cummings. Chicago news veteran Jim Frank (formerly of WCFL and WIND) was hired as the news director, following a stint at WIOD in Miami.[167] Other news directors included Bonnie Buck (daughter of sports broadcaster Jack Buck
) and Krauser, who took the same position at rival WBBM after Viacom shuttered WMAQ and fired the staff.

WMAQ was among the first Chicago AM stations to transmit using the Motorola C-QUAM AM stereo standard, even though its format was all-news, not music.

The station moved to the new NBC Tower in 1990 with television station WMAQ-TV despite their being owned by different companies. The studios for both stations had been designed by NBC before the sale.[74]

Amid stagnant ratings, WMAQ added more long-form news programming and some assorted call-in shows in 1998 and 1999.[168][169] Cameron and Langford, hosted by City Hall reporter Bill Cameron and police beat reporter Larry Langford, was cancelled in April 1999, but briefly returned in June 2000.[170] An early harbinger of the future sports format was the evening WMAQ Sports Huddle, which premiered in 1993 and competed with all-sports WSCR and WMVP, as well as WGN's Sports Central program.[171]

Westinghouse merged with

Infinity Broadcasting in 1998; CBS retained an 80% stake in the new company.[173]

The end of WMAQ and launch of "The Score"

Further information: WYLL and WCPT (AM)

FCC limits on ownership in Chicago.[174] To consummate the deal, Infinity decided to transfer the format, branding and call letters of WSCR (1160 AM) over to WMAQ, and concentrate exclusively on WBBM's all-news format, while the former WSCR was put up for sale.[175] Despite lower ratings for WSCR, Infinity management wanted to use the move to elevate WSCR's revenue performance to that of their New York City sports outlet WFAN, which had become one of the highest-billing radio stations starting in 1995; a company spokesman also noted that WMAQ's annual billing of $20 million was "not functioning as a successful station" by comparison.[176] While some WMAQ staffers were retained by Infinity and transferred to WBBM, up to 44 reporters, anchors, editors and writers were dismissed; this included Chet Coppock, who frequently sparred on-air with WSCR staff and incumbent morning host Mike North.[175]

On August 1, 2000, after 78 years, WMAQ broadcast for the last time with a live sign-off message from nighttime police beat reporter Larry Langford. The traditional

WMAQ-FM, NBC in Chicago." An announcer then said the official last words: "The final broadcast, the end of Radio 670, WMAQ, Chicago." After the NBC chimes were played one more time and a WMAQ jingle, the era for the station that was "First In Chicago" came to an end.[177][178] Following the sign-off, WMAQ ran a loop of "Score" promos for six hours before starting a full simulcast of WSCR for a two-week transitional period.[179]

As part of this exchange, Infinity changed the WMAQ call sign to WSCR on August 15, 2000;

Salem Communications, and now operates as WYLL.[181] The "Score" format, branding and call letters had its origins on the former WSCR (820 AM), which launched on January 2, 1992;[182] the second WSCR on the 1160 AM facility debuted on April 17, 1997.[183] All three iterations of WSCR used the same studios at 4949 West Belmont Avenue in Chicago's Cragin neighborhood—shared with WXRT—from 1992 until moving to the NBC Tower in 2001,[184][185] using the facilities that WMAQ had vacated a year earlier.[186]

WSCR

WSCR's main and auxiliary towers in Bloomingdale; former ancient rival and now sister station WBBM moved their transmission to the site in 2019.

From 2001 to 2008, the station was the flagship for Chicago Blackhawks hockey, until their move to WGN. WSCR was also the radio home for the Chicago White Sox baseball team from 2006 to 2015, until their departure to WLS at the conclusion of the 2015 season.[187]

Viacom, which had acquired the shares in Infinity Broadcasting it did not already own on February 21, 2001,[188] split into two companies at the end of 2005; Infinity became part of CBS Corporation,[189] and in preparation was renamed CBS Radio on December 14, 2005.[190] In 2010, WSCR's studios were moved to Two Prudential Plaza, home to several other CBS Radio stations.[184]

The Chicago Cubs made WSCR the flagship of their radio network following the White Sox' departure to WLS. When the Cubs left WGN for CBS Radio following the 2014 season, the Cubs were heard on WBBM 780 AM. A clause in the Cubs' deal with CBS allowed a one-time move to WSCR in the event that the White Sox left the station.[191] The move was officially announced on November 11, 2015.[192] The Cubs' first year on WSCR paid immediate dividends, as the team won the 2016 World Series, its first world championship in 108 years, and the first since the birth of radio and modern communications.

On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom (the forerunner of present-day Audacy).[193] The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the 17th.[194][195]

On January 31, 2018, Entercom announced that WSCR would become the new flagship station for the Chicago Bulls on February 3, 2018, after

Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[196][197]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Due to interference concerns, most AM stations use HD Radio only during daytime hours, per Barry McLarnon's AM IBOC page (see references).

References

  1. ^ Janowski, Thaddeus P. (September 29, 2010). "FCC 316: Application for Consent to Assign Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License or to Transfer Control of Entity Holding Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License (BTCH-20100930AFL)". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "1922-Year Radio's Population Soared". Broadcasting. May 14, 1962. p. 114. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  3. ^ "Facility Technical Data for WSCR". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
  4. ^ McLarnon, Barry (April 18, 2016). "AM IBOC Stations on the Air". Retrieved June 24, 2016.
  5. ^ a b Mueller, Jim. "The Buddy System", Chicago Tribune. October 1, 1997. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  6. CBS 2 Chicago
    . October 26, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  7. ^ "Alterations and Corrections: Miscellaneous", Radio Service Bulletin, January 3, 1922, page 10.
  8. ^ Hedges, William S. (April 1947). "How a radio station came into existence just 25 years ago". Chainbreak. II.
  9. ^ "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, April 1, 1922, page 2.
  10. ^ Childers, Scott. "A Look Back at the Q". Childers, Scott. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h "NBC 25th Anniversary Edition", Billboard. December 1, 1951. pp. 52, 54. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  12. ^ a b c "Special Report". Broadcasting. May 14, 1962. p. 126. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
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  15. ^ "Broadcast Station List-WBU". Radio Service Bulletin. U.S. Department of Commerce. May 1, 1922. Retrieved March 5, 2018. WBU was licensed on February 21, 1922 and deleted November 7, 1923. KYW moved to Philadelpia in 1934.
  16. ^ Gootee, Tom. "Tom Gootee's History of WMAQ-Chapter 2". Gootee, Tom. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
  17. ^ Robinson, Anna, Garfinkel, Steve, Eckstein, Elizabeth (2000). "Emergence of Radio in the 1920s and its Cultural Significance". University of Virginia. Archived from the original on February 16, 2001. Retrieved July 30, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  19. ^ "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, October 3, 1922, page 3.
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  31. ^ "Early WMAQ-photo of one of the La Salle hotel studios". Samuels. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
  32. ^ "LaSalle Hotel". Jazz Age Chicago. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  33. ^ "Amendments to Regulations: Regulation 57", Radio Service Bulletin, September 1, 1922, pages 10-11.
  34. ^ "Radio Conference Recommendations: New Wave Lengths", Radio Age, May 1923, page 11. Beginning with these assignments, radio stations ended the practice of broadcasting their market reports and weather forecasts on the separate 485-meter wavelength.
  35. ^ "Class B Calls and Waves", Radio Age, June 1923, page 12.
  36. ^ [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420265&seq=113 "Alterations and corrections", Radio Service Bulletin, June 1, 1923, page 11.
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  48. ^ "Early WMAQ-Photo of transmitter installed at Elmhurst". Samuels, Rich. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
  49. ^ "Chicago architecture-Riverside Plaza". Chicago Architecture Info. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
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