Xu Qian
Xu Qian | |
---|---|
徐謙 | |
Minister of Justice of the Republic of China | |
In office 19 September 1922 – 29 November 1922 | |
Preceded by | Zhang Yaoceng |
Succeeded by | Xu Shiying |
In office 8 June 1917 – 16 June 1917 (acting) | |
Preceded by | Zhang Yaoceng |
Succeeded by | Kiang Yung |
Personal details | |
Born | 1871 Nanchang, Jiangxi |
Died | 1940 British Hong Kong |
Nationality | Republic of China |
Xu Qian or George Hsu (Chinese: 徐謙; June 15, 1871 – September 26, 1940) was a Chinese politician and jurist. He made important contribution to the judicial system of modern China.
Originated from
Early life and education
Xu Qian was born in the city of
Career
In 1907, Xu Qian graduated and was made counselor in the Ministry of Justice, where he presided over the Law Compilation and Inspection Office and participated in the formulation of new laws. One important law he participated in the drafting of was the "Regulations on the Reform of the Judicial System". In 1908, he served as the director of a local court and handled more than a thousand cases a year for several years. Later, he was promoted to Higher Court Procurator.
Work under the Republic of China
After the establishment of the
On March 20, 1913, the Kuomintang leader
Constitutional Protection Movement
In 1916, after Yuan Shikai died of illness, Li Yuanhong took over as the president. In September, Xu Qian was again appointed to serve as Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Justice in the first Duan Qirui Cabinet, with the secret task of liaising with the Kuomintang members in the Legislative Yuan. In July 1917, Sun Yat-sen launched the Constitutional Protection Movement, and Xu Qian went south to Guangzhou in July to serve as the secretary-general of Protection Military Government. In May 1918, the warlords of Guangxi forced Sun Yat-sen leave Guangzhou and seek exile in Shanghai. Xu Qian was the representative before leaving to attend the government affairs meeting of the military government of protecting France. Later, Xu Qian was appointed Minister of Justice by the law-protecting military government controlled by the Guangxi warlords.[2][3]
In 1919, Xu Qian left Guangzhou to go to Shanghai to meet with Sun Yat-sen. On the eve of the
In July 1920, on the eve of the outbreak of the Zhili–Anhui War, Feng Yuxiang led his troops from Changde to oppose the Beiyang government's policy of "unification by force", calling for federalism. Sun Yat-sen appointed Xu Qian and Niu Yongjian to meet Feng Yuxiang in Hankou, in order to convince Feng Yuxiang to defect from the Beijing government and participate in the national revolution. During the meeting, Xu Qian and Niu Yongjian introduced Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary ideas to Feng Yuxiang, and Feng Yuxiang agreed. From that point on, Xu Qian became the liaison between Sun Yat-sen and Feng Yuxiang, and he often visited Feng Yuxiang's army.[3]
In late October 1920, the Gui Army suffered a disastrous defeat in the First
In February 1923, Sun Yat-sen returned to Guangzhou to organize the Grand Marshal Base Camp again. Xu Qian, Hu Hanmin, Sun Hongyi and others were dispatched by Sun Yat-sen to Shanghai and served as the Grand Marshal in Shanghai, participating in peace talks between the Kuomintang and the Beiyang government. While in Shanghai, Xu Qian founded the Shanghai University of Political Science and Law. After the failure of peace negotiations, Xu Qian returned to Guangzhou in 1923, serving as the director of the literature department at Lingnan University and founding the "Evaluation Daily".[2][3]
First United Front
In January 1924,
In March 1925, Sun Yat-sen died of illness in Beijing. In July of that same year, the Guangzhou National Government was established, and Xu Qian elected to the Central Executive Committee as the member in charge of judicial administration. In January 1926, the 2nd National Congress of the Kuomintang was held in Guangzhou, and Xu Qian was elected as a member of the Central Executive Committee and a member of the Standing Committee. He is also a member of the National Government and Minister of Justice. Soon he was appointed director of the Beijing Executive Department of the Kuomintang. On March 7, 1926, the Sino-Russian University was established and Xu Qian became its director.[2][3]
On March 18, 1926, Xu Qian, Li Dazhao,
Wuhan National Government
In December 1926, Xu Qian went to Wuhan to serve as the chairman of the Central Executive Committee there. In 1927, he was appointed as Government Affairs Commissioner and Director of the Department of Justice for Hubei.[2][3] In February, he served as director of the National Wuchang Sun Yat-Sen University school committee.
On March 10, 1927, the Central Committee of the Kuomintang held a plenary session in Hankou where Xu Qian made a speech announcing the establishment of the
On April 2,
On June 20, Xu Qian attended the Xuzhou Conference held by Chiang Kai-shek, Feng Yuxiang, Hu Hanmin, Wu Zhihui and others. This meeting was the beginning of a joint anti-Communist campaign in Ninghan. After that, Xu Qian stayed in Kaifeng and did not return to Wuhan on the grounds of preparing for the Kaifeng branch of the Political Committee and Henan Provincial University, so he did not participate in the July 15 Incident where Wang Jingwei expelled Communists from the Wuhan government. Soon, Wuhan leaders such as Wang Jingwei, Tan Yankai, and Sun Ke lost their allegiance to Chiang Kai-shek's Nanjing government, and formed a special committee for cooperation between Nanjing, Han and Shanghai. Xu Qian was not allowed to sit on the special committee on the grounds that he "favored the Communist Party".[3] Later, the Central Supervisory Committee of the KMT listed Xu Qian as a "Communist partisan" and put him on the arrest list. Xu Qian was living in the Shanghai Concession, and publicly stated on November 17 that he would no longer participate in politics. Soon, Xu Qian moved to Kowloon and resumed his career as a lawyer.[3][2] At its Fourth Plenary Session in February 1928, Xu Qian was suspended from the Central Committee.[3]
Later life
After the
In November 1933, Xu Qian and Li Jishen and others went to Fujian from Hong Kong to participate in the Fujian revolt.[3] On November 20, 1933, the generals Cai Tingkai, Jiang Guangnai and others, the 19th Route Army, and others, together with Li Jishen, Chen Mingshu and others, formed the Fujian People's Government, openly opposed Chiang Kai-shek, and signed the "Anti-Japanese and Anti-Chiang Preliminary Agreement" with the Chinese Communist Party. Xu Qian had helped planned this move in Hong Kong, and participated in the temporary Fuzhou people's congress. After the establishment of the Fujian People's Government, Xu was appointed as the President of the Supreme Court and the Chairman of the Agriculture and Workers' Happiness Committee. In January 1934, the Fujian People's Government collapsed, and Xu Qian returned to Hong Kong.[3][2]
After the full outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Xu Qian returned to Nanjing to participate in anti-Japanese activities, and then went to Wuhan and Chongqing to serve as a member of the National Defense Commission. In 1939, he went to Hong Kong for medical treatment, where the next year he died on illness at the age of 69.[3][2]
Writing
- "General Principles of Civil Law"
- "Criminal Law Series"
- "Labor-Management Unity Theory"
- "Poetry"
- "Mr. Ji Long's Poems"
- "Mr. Xu Jilong's Posthumous Poems"
References
- ^ Confucianism and Spiritual Traditions in Modern China and Beyond, page 262
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Xu Youchun, ed. (1991). Dictionary of People of the Republic of China. Shijiazhuang: Hebei People's Publishing House. p. 703.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Di Yongjun (2006-02-23). "Xu Qian: Christians and Revolutionaries in the Former Qing Dynasty". Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2017-04-11.
- ^ "The Record of Emperor Dezong of the Qing Dynasty, Tongtian Chongyun, Dazhongzhizhizheng, Wei Wuren, Filial Piety, Wisdom, Dianjian, Kuanjing, Diligent King" (Volume 517): 1903. Guimao.
- ^ a b Han Ce, teacher? Are you born? The Situation of International Students Teaching in the Jinshi Hall of Jingshi University, Journal of Tsinghua University Philosophy and Social Sciences 2013(3):28-37