1921 Italian general election
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All 535 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 268 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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PSI PPI BN PLD PLI DS PDR SeT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General elections were held in
Background
From 1919 to 1920, Italy was shocked by a period of intense social conflict following the
in 1922.The Biennio Rosso took place in a context of economic crisis at the end of the war, with high unemployment and political instability. It was characterized by mass strikes, worker manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and factories occupations.Po Valley and were accompanied by peasant strikes, rural unrests and guerrilla conflicts between left-wing and right-wing militias.
In the general election of 1921, the Liberal governing coalition, strengthened by the joining of
Italian People's Party was steady around 20%. The Socialists were stronger in Lombardy (41.9%), than in their historical strongholds of Piedmont (28.6%), Emilia-Romagna (33.4%) and Tuscany (31.0%), due to the presence of the Communists (11.9, 5.2 and 10.5%), while the Populars were confirmed the largest party of Veneto (36.5%) and the Liberal parties in most Southern regions.[5]
Parties and leaders
| Party | Ideology | Leader | Status before election | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | Socialism | Giovanni Bacci | Opposition | |
| Italian People's Party (PPI) | Christian democracy | Luigi Sturzo | Government | |
| National Bloc (BN) | Conservatism | Giovanni Giolitti | Government | |
Democratic Liberal Party (PLD)
|
Liberalism | Francesco Saverio Nitti | Government | |
| Italian Liberal Party (PLI) | Liberalism | Luigi Facta | Government | |
| Social Democracy (DS) | Social liberalism | Giovanni Antonio Colonna
|
Government | |
Communist Party of Italy (PCdI)
|
Communism | Amedeo Bordiga
|
Opposition | |
| Italian Republican Party (PRI) | Republicanism | Eugenio Chiesa | Opposition | |
| Reformist Democratic Party (PDR) | Reformism | Several | Opposition | |
| Combatants' Party (PdC) | Veteran interests | Several | Government | |
Results
Democratic Liberal Party 684,855 | 10.36 | 68 | −28 | | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italian Liberal Party | 470,605 | 7.12 | 43 | +2 | |||||
| Social Democracy | 309,191 | 4.68 | 29 | −31 | |||||
| Italian Communist Party | 304,719 | 4.61 | 15 | New | |||||
| Italian Republican Party | 124,924 | 1.89 | 6 | −3 | |||||
| Reformist Democratic Party | 122,087 | 1.85 | 11 | New | |||||
| Combatants' Party | 113,839 | 1.72 | 10 | −10 | |||||
| Lists of Slavs and Germans | 88,648 | 1.34 | 9 | New | |||||
| Economic Party | 53,382 | 0.81 | 5 | −2 | |||||
| Independent Socialists | 37,892 | 0.57 | 1 | ±0 | |||||
| Dissident Populars | 29,703 | 0.45 | 0 | New | |||||
| Fasci Italiani di Combattimento | 29,549 | 0.45 | 2 | New | |||||
| Total | 6,608,141 | 100.00 | 535 | +27 | |||||
| Valid votes | 6,608,141 | 98.61 | |||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 93,355 | 1.39 | |||||||
| Total votes | 6,701,496 | 100.00 | |||||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 11,477,210 | 58.39 | |||||||
| Source: National Institute of Statistics | |||||||||
Deputies elected by region
| Region | PSI | PPI | PLD
|
DS | FIC | PE | PSRI | PLI | PCdI
|
ANI | SeT
|
PRI | PSdA | PdC | SI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Piedmont | 16 | 12 | 13 | 1 | 3 | 4 | – | 1 | 5 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Liguria | 4 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Lombardy | 27 | 19 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Veneto | 17 | 19 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Emilia-Romagna | 14 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 2 | – | – | 2 | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| Tuscany | 12 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Marche | 4 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Umbria | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Lazio | 4 | 3 | 2 | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 3 | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Abruzzi | 3 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 2 | – | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Campania–Molise | 4 | 9 | 16 | 18 | – | – | 6 | 2 | – | 2 | – | – | – | 2 | – |
| Apulia | 6 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 3 | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Basilicata | 1 | – | 4 | 1 | – | 1 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Calabrie | 2 | 3 | 7 | 5 | – | 1 | 3 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sicily | 4 | 7 | 7 | 17 | – | 6 | 8 | 2 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sardinia | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | – | – |
| Venezia Tridentina | 2 | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | – |
Venezia Giulia
|
– | – | – | – | 4 | – | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 | – | – | – | – |
| Italy | 124 | 108 | 85 | 65 | 36 | 27 | 25 | 17 | 15 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
References
- ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ ITALY’S FRINGE OF ALIEN SUBJECTS, The New York Times, May 29, 1921
- ^ Ministry of National Economy
- ^ a b Brunella Dalla Casa, Composizione di classe, rivendicazioni e professionalità nelle lotte del "biennio rosso" a Bologna, in: AA. VV, Bologna 1920; le origini del fascismo, a cura di Luciano Casali, Cappelli, Bologna 1982, p. 179.
- ^ Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia, Zanichelli, Bologna 2009
