1956 in science
| |||
---|---|---|---|
+... |
1956 in science |
---|
Fields |
Technology |
|
Social sciences |
Paleontology |
Extraterrestrial environment |
Terrestrial environment |
Other/related |
The year 1956 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Biology
- March – Denham Harman proposes the free-radical theory of aging.[1]
Chemistry
- July 14 – Second part of the publication of Dorothy Hodgkin's description of the structure of Vitamin B12.[3]
Climatology
- May – Gilbert Plass publishes his seminal article "The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate Change".[4]
Computer science
- July 13 – John McCarthy (Dartmouth), Marvin Minsky (MIT), Claude Shannon (Bell Labs) and Nathaniel Rochester (IBM) assemble the first coordinated research meeting on the topic of artificial intelligence, at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, in the United States.
- September 13 – The hard disk drive is invented by an IBM team led by Reynold B. Johnson.
- TX-0 transistorized computer completed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in the United States.[5]
Mathematics
- February 1 – Joseph Kruskal publishes Kruskal's algorithm.[6]
- December – Martin Gardner begins his Mathematical Games column in Scientific American.
- Henri Cartan and Samuel Eilenberg publish a text on homological algebra.[7]
- Jean-Pierre Serre publishes his "GAGA" paper in algebraic geometry and analytic geometry.[8]
Medicine
- April – Humphry Osmond first proposes use of the word psychedelic to describe the effect of certain drugs, at a meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences.
- May 1 – Minamata disease epidemic is identified in Japan by Hajime Hosokawa.
- June 1 – Elsie Stephenson becomes founding Director of the Nurse Teaching Unit, University of Edinburgh, the first nurse teaching unit within a British university.
- November – The classic definition of obesity hypoventilation syndrome is published.[9]
- Asian flu pandemic originates in China.
- Use of penicillamine in treatment of Wilson's disease first described.[10]
- American voice actor Paul Winchell applies to patent an implantable artificial heart, the first person to do so.[11]
Physics
- November 15 – Cooper pairs are first described by Leon Cooper.[12]
- November 21 – DIDO heavy water enriched uranium nuclear reactor opens at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Oxfordshire, England.[13]
- Existence of the Clyde L. Cowan and Frederick Reines.[14]
- Existence of the antineutron is experimentally confirmed by University of California, Berkeley physicist Bruce Cork.
Psychology
- January 1 – Henry W. Riecken and Stanley Schachter's book When Prophecy Fails provides a classic study of disconfirmed expectancy.
Technology
- April 14 – 2-inch
- June 8 – General Electric/Telechron introduces model 7H241 "The Snooz Alarm", first snooze alarm clock.[17]
- August 27 – Calder Hall nuclear power station in England is first connected to the National Grid. This Magnox plant is the world's first nuclear power plant to deliver electricity in commercial quantities.[18] Official opening is on October 17.[19]
- November 11 – First flight of .
- First Chamberlin electro-mechanical keyboard instrument, developed and patented by Wisconsin inventor Harry Chamberlin, is introduced.[21]
Awards
- Nobel Prizes
- Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov
- Medicine – André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards
Births
- February 28 – Penny Sackett, American-born Australian astronomer and Chief Scientist.
- April 16 – David M. Brown (died 2003), American astronaut.
- April 19 – Anne Glover, Scottish biologist.
- May 3 – Carlo Rovelli, Italian-born theoretical physicist.
- May 20 – Marlene Zuk, American biologist.
- July 1 – Gregg L. Semenza, American cell biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- July 25 – Frances Arnold, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
- September 9 – Avi Wigderson, Israeli-born mathematician.
- October 17 – Mae Jemison, African American engineer and astronaut.
- October 19 – Carlo Urbani (died 2003), Italian physician, discoverer of SARS.
- December 23 – Simon Wessely, English psychiatrist.
- Zhuo-Hua Pan, Chinese-born neuroscientist
Deaths
- February 3 – Émile Borel (born 1871), French mathematician.
- February 28 – Frigyes Riesz (born 1880), Hungarian mathematician.
- March 17 – Irène Joliot-Curie (born 1897), French radiochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
- March 22 – George Sarton (born 1884), Belgian American historian of science.
- May 24 – Martha Annie Whiteley (born 1866), English chemist and mathematician.
- August 25 – Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University(Bloomington).
- September 22 – Frederick Soddy (born 1877), English radiochemist.
- October 30 – María Teresa Ferrari (born 1887), Argentine physician.
- November 10 – plant pathologist.
- November 24 – Sir pharmacologistand army officer.
References
- PMID 13332224.
- PMID 13288608.
- S2CID 4210164.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - .
- ^ "The TX-0: Its Past and Present" (PDF). The Computer Museum Report. 8. The Computer Museum, Boston: 2–11. Spring 1984. Retrieved 2021-02-13.
- JSTOR 2033241.
- .
- MR 0082175.
- PMID 16353591.
- PMID 13279157.
- ^ US Patent #3097366 of 1963. "Inventor of the Week Archive". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. September 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-01-27. Retrieved 2022-11-19.
- .
- ^ "New Atomic Reactor Opens". Birmingham Daily Post. 1956-11-22. p. 24.
- ^ "The Reines-Cowan Experiments: Detecting the Poltergeist" (PDF). Los Alamos Science. 25: 3. 1997.
- ^ Bensinger, Charles (1981). "All About Videotape". VideoPreservation Website. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ "Some Quad History". Quad Videotape Group. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ "New kind of alarm clock". telechron.net. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
- ^ "Calder Hall Power Station". The Engineer. 5 October 1956.
- ^ "Sellafield Sites, Site history". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
- ISBN 978-1-875671-50-2.
- Crawdaddy!: A27–A28. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ "These Nobel Prize Winners Weren't Always Noble". National Geographic News. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.