1957 in science
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The year 1957 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy and space exploration
- October 4 – Launch of Tyuratam in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.
- November 3 – Launch of Sputnik 2, with a dog called Laika on board, the first animal sent into orbit. There is no technology available to return it to Earth.
- December 6 – The United States attempts launch of Vanguard TV3which fails after just two seconds in the air.
- Project Orion begins, a U.S. program to build a spacecraft powered by nuclear explosions.
- Wilhelm Gliese publishes the first Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars.[1]
Biology
- Dopamine is first identified in the human brain by Katharine Montagu.
- The structure of myoglobin is determined (using x-ray crystallography) by John Kendrew and colleagues in England.[2]
- The discovery of Na+/K+-ATPase, the first antiporter enzyme identified, is published by Jens Christian Skou of Aarhus University.[3][4]
- The bacterium is first cultured (in the yolk sacs of eggs) by Tang Feifan and colleagues.[5]
Chemistry
- Costin Nenițescu synthesizes cyclobutadiene.[6]
Computer science
- April – FORTRAN scientific programming language. It becomes the most widely used computer language for technical work.
- Edsger Dijkstra in 1959.
Exploration
- Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station established.
Mathematics
- Karl Prachar publishes a key text on the distribution of prime numbers, Primzahlverteilung.[7]
Medicine
- June 27 – A report by the Medical Research Council (UK) reveals evidence to support a link between tobacco smoking and lung cancer.[8]
- October 1 – The drug Grünenthal GmbH.[9]
- October 11 – An article by trans fats and heart disease.[10]
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis is recognised as an autoimmune disease, the first identified as organ-specific.[11]
Paleontology
- Charnia is first described following its discovery by schoolboy Roger Mason at a site in the Charnwood Forest of England; it is the first definitely Precambrian fossil known.[12]
Physics
- July – Hugh Everett III publishes the first scientifically founded many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.[13]
- August – ZETA fusion reactor begins operation at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Oxfordshire.
- Robert Schrieffer.
- B2FH, an astrophysics paper by the British astronomers Geoffrey Burbidge, Margaret Burbidge and Fred Hoyle and the American astronomer William Fowler, describes the synthesis of the lightest elements through nuclear processes in stars.
- Rudolf Mössbauer discovers the Mössbauer effect.[14]
- charge conjugation symmetry.[15]
Psychology
- rhesus monkeys.
Technology
- December 2 – Reactor goes critical in Shippingport Atomic Power Station, Pennsylvania, the first commercial pressurized water reactor.
- First working prototype Wankel engine.[16]
Events
- First Conference on Science and World Affairs held at Pugwash, Nova Scotia, organized by Joseph Rotblat.
Institutions
- May 13 – National Polytechnical Museum established in Sofia, Bulgaria.[17]
Awards
- Nobel Prizes:
- Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee[18]
- Lord Alexander R Todd
- Medicine – Daniel Bovet
Births
- April 2 – plant scientist.
- May 11 – astrobiologist and synthetic biologist at NASA's Ames Research Center.
- July 12 – Rick Husband (died 2003), American astronaut.
- October 1 – Éva Tardos, Hungarian-American computer scientist, Gödel Prize laureate.
- September 11 – Julie Williams, Welsh neuropsychological geneticist.
- October 6 – gynaecological oncologist.
- October 21 – Wolfgang Ketterle, German winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (2001).
- November 23 – William Kaelin Jr., American winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2019).
- December 29 – Bruce Beutler, American immunologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2011).
Deaths
- February 8
- Hungarian American mathematician.
- Walther Bothe (born 1891), German physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics 1954.
- February 18 – Henry Norris Russell (born 1877), American astronomer.
- May 7 – Wilhelm Filchner (born 1877), German explorer.
- May 13 – Michael Fekete, (born 1886) Hungarian-born Israeli mathematician (died 1957)
- May 26 – theoretical physicist.
- July 3 – Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell (born 1886), German-born English physicist.
- August 16 – Irving Langmuir (born 1881), American chemist and physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932.
- August 21 – oceanographer.
- September 21 – Henry E. Warren (born 1872), American inventor.
- October 26 – .
- November – Helen Boyle (born 1869), British physician and psychologist.
- November 3 – psychoanalyst.
- December 14 – phycologist.
References
- Bibcode:1957MiABA...8....1G.
- S2CID 4162786.
- S2CID 32516710.
- PMID 17878005.
- PMID 13502539.
- ^ "Romanian Inventions". The Reminder (46): 7 (supplement). June 1983.
- ^ Springer Verlag, 1957.
- ^ "Smoking 'causes lung cancer'". BBC News. 1957-06-27. Archived from the original on 2007-11-10. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
- ^ Moghe, Vijay V.; et al. (2008). "Thalidomide" (PDF). Bombay Hospital Journal. 50 (3): 446. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
- S2CID 6725282.
- ISBN 9780786452583.
- .
- doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.29.454. Archived from the originalon 2011-10-27. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- Lay summary in: Jeffrey Barrett. "Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- PMID 22012384.
- ^ "Science Places Liverpool". 2008. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
- Automobile Magazine: 76–79.
- ^ "Националният политехнически музей празнува рожден ден в нощта на петък, 13-и". Vesti. 13 May 2005. Archived from the original on 2012-01-20. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ "6 Women Scientists Who Were Snubbed Due to Sexism". National Geographic News. 19 May 2013. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.