3D television
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2023) |
3D television (3DTV) is television that conveys depth perception to the viewer by employing techniques such as stereoscopic display, multi-view display, 2D-plus-depth, or any other form of 3D display. Most modern 3D television sets use an active shutter 3D system or a polarized 3D system, and some are autostereoscopic without the need of glasses. As of 2017, most 3D TV sets and services are no longer available from manufacturers.[1]
History
The
Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on 10 August 1928, by
Though 3D movies were generally well received by the public, 3D television did not become popular until after the CES 2010 trade show, when major manufacturers began selling a full lineup of 3D televisions, following the success of Avatar.[9][10] Shortly thereafter, consumer and professional 3D camcorders were released to the public by Sony and Panasonic.[11][12][13] These used two lenses, one for each eye. According to DisplaySearch, 3D television shipments totaled 41.45 million units in 2012, compared with 24.14 in 2011 and 2.26 in 2010.[14] In late 2013, the number of 3D TV viewers started to decline,[15][16][17][18][19] and in 2016, development of 3D TV is limited to a few premium models.[20] Production of 3D TVs ended in 2016.[21]
Technologies
There are several techniques to produce and display 3D moving pictures. The following are some of the technical details and methodologies employed in some of the more notable 3D movie systems that have been developed.
The future of 3D television is also emerging as time progresses. New technology like WindowWalls (wall-size displays) and Visible light communication are being implemented into 3D television as the demand for 3D TV increases. Scott Birnbaum, vice president of Samsung's LCD business, said that the demand for 3D TV would skyrocket in the next couple of years, fueled by televised sports (but this did not happen). One might be able to obtain information directly onto their television due to new technologies like the Visible Light Communication that allows for this to happen because the LED lights transmit information by flickering at high frequencies.[22]
Displaying technologies
The basic requirement is to display offset images that are filtered separately to the left and right eye. Two strategies have been used to accomplish this: have the viewer wear eyeglasses to filter the separately offset images to each eye, or have the light source split the images directionally into the viewer's eyes (no glasses required).[23] Common 3D display technology for projecting stereoscopic image pairs to the viewer include:
- With filters/lenses:
- Anaglyph 3D – with passive color filters
- Polarized 3D system – with passive polarization filters
- Active shutter 3D system – with active shutters
- Head-mounted display – with a separate display positioned in front of each eye, and lenses used primarily to relax eye focus
- Without lenses: Autostereoscopic displays, sometimes referred to commercially as Auto 3D.
- Others:
In a CEATEC 2011 exhibition, Hitachi released glasses-free 3D projection systems that use a set of 24 projectors, lenses, and translucent half mirrors to superimpose 3D images with a horizontal viewing angle of 60 degrees and a vertical viewing angle of 30 degrees. Besides Hitachi, Sony is also working on similar technologies.[24]
Single-view displays project only one stereo pair at a time. Multi-view displays either use head tracking to change the view depending on the viewing angle, or simultaneous projection of multiple independent views of a scene for multiple viewers (automultiscopic). Such multiple views can be created on the fly using the 2D-plus-depth format.
Various other display techniques have been described, such as holography, volumetric display, and the Pulfrich effect, which was used in Doctor Who Dimensions in Time, in 1993, by 3rd Rock From The Sun in 1997, and by the Discovery Channel's Shark Week in 2000.
3D glasses may reduce image brightness.[25]
Producing technologies
Stereoscopy is the most widely accepted method for capturing and delivering 3D video. It involves capturing stereo pairs in a two-view setup, with cameras mounted side by side and separated by the same distance as is between a person's pupils. If we imagine projecting an object point in a scene along the line-of-sight for each eye, in turn; to a flat background screen, we may describe the location of this point mathematically using simple algebra. In rectangular coordinates with the screen lying in the Y–Z plane, with the Z axis upward and the Y axis to the right, with the viewer centered along the X axis; we find that the screen coordinates are simply the sum of two terms. One accounting for perspective and the other for binocular shift. Perspective modifies the Z and Y coordinates of the object point, by a factor of D/(D–x), while binocular shift contributes an additional term (to the Y coordinate only) of s·x/(2·(D–x)), where D is the distance from the selected system origin to the viewer (right between the eyes), s is the eye separation (about 7 centimeters), and x is the true x coordinate of the object point. The binocular shift is positive for the left-eye-view and negative for the right-eye-view. For very distant object points, the eyes will be looking along essentially the same line of sight. For very near objects, the eyes may become excessively "cross-eyed". However, for scenes in the greater portion of the field of view, a realistic image is readily achieved by superposition of the left and right images (using the polarization method or synchronized shutter-lens method) provided the viewer is not too near the screen and the left and right images are correctly positioned on the screen. Digital technology has largely eliminated inaccurate superposition that was a common problem during the era of traditional stereoscopic films.[26][27]
After capture, stereo or multi-view image data can be processed to extract
2D plus depth processing can be used to recreate 3D scenes even from a single view and convert legacy film and video material to a 3D look, though a convincing effect is harder to achieve and the resulting image will likely look like a cardboard miniature.
3D production
Addition of graphical elements (such as a scoreboard, timers, or logos) to a 3D picture must place the synthesized elements at a suitable depth within the frame, so that viewers can comfortably view the added elements as well as the main picture. This requires more powerful computers to calculate the correct appearance of the graphical elements. For example, the line of scrimmage that appears as a projected yellow line on the field during an American football broadcast requires about one thousand times more processing power to produce in 3D compared to a 2D image.
Since 3D images are effectively more immersive than 2D broadcasts, fewer fast cuts between camera angles are needed. 3D National Football League broadcasts cut between cameras about one-fifth as often as in 2D broadcasting. Rapid cuts between two different viewpoints can be uncomfortable for the viewer, so directors may lengthen the transition or provide images with intermediate depth between two extremes to "rest" the viewer's eyes. 3D images are most effective if the cameras are at a low angle of view, simulating presence of the viewer at the event; this can present problems with people or structures blocking the view of the event. While fewer camera locations are required, the overall number of cameras is similar to a 2D broadcast because each position needs two cameras. Other live sport events have additional factors that affect production; for example, an ice rink presents few cues for depth due to its uniform appearance.[29]
TV sets
These TV sets were high-end and generally included Ethernet, USB player and recorder, Bluetooth and USB Wi-Fi.
3D-ready TV sets
3D-ready TV sets are those that can operate in 3D mode (in addition to regular 2D mode) using one of several display technologies to recreate a stereoscopic image. These TV sets usually supported HDMI 1.4 and a minimum output refresh rate of 120 Hz; glasses may be sold separately.
Philips was developing a 3D television set that would be available for the consumer market by about 2011 without the need for special glasses (autostereoscopy).[30] However it was canceled because of the slow adoption of customers going from 2D to 3D.[citation needed]
In August 2010, Toshiba announced plans to bring a range of autostereoscopic TVs to market by the end of the year.[31]
The Chinese manufacturer
Onida, LG, Samsung, Sony, and Philips intended to increase their 3D TV offering with plans to make 3D TV sales account for over 50% of their respective TV distribution offering in 2012. It was expected that the screens would use a mixture of technologies until there is standardization across the industry.[34] Samsung offers the LED 7000, LCD 750, PDP 7000 TV sets and the Blu-ray 6900.[35]
Full 3D TV sets
Full 3D TV sets included Samsung Full HD 3D (1920×1080p, 60 Hz) and Panasonic Full HD 3D (1920×1080p, 60 Hz).[36]
A September 2011 Cnet review touted Toshiba's 55ZL2 as "the future of television". Because of the demanding nature of auto-stereoscopic 3D technology, the display features a 3840x2160 display; however, there was at the time no video content available at this resolution. That said, it utilizes a multi-core processor to provide excellent upscaling to the "4k2k" resolution. Using a directional lenticular lenslet filter, the display generates nine 3D views. This technology commonly creates dead spots, which Toshiba avoids by using an eye-tracking camera to adjust the image. The reviewers also note that the 3D resolution for a 1080p signal looks more like 720p and lacks parallax, which reduces immersion. [37]
Standardization efforts
The entertainment industry was expected to adopt a common and compatible standard for 3D in home electronics. To present faster
Content providers, such as
Production studios were developing an increasing number of 3D titles for the cinema and as many as a dozen companies were actively working on the core technology behind the product.[when?] Many had technologies available to demonstrate, but no clear road forward for a mainstream offering emerged.
Under these circumstances, SMPTE's inaugural meeting was essentially a call for proposals for 3D television; more than 160 people from 80 companies signed up for this first meeting. Vendors that presented their respective technologies at the task force meeting included
There were many active 3D projects in SMPTE for both TV and filmmakers in the late 2000s. The SMPTE 35PM40 Working Group decided (without influence from the SMPTE Board or any other external influence) that the good progress being made on 3D standards within other SMPTE groups (including the IMF Interoperable Master Format) meant that its "overview" project would be best published as an Engineering Report. However, by 2011, the SMPTE board had "abandoned all further work on 3D television".[43]
However, SMPTE was not the only 3D standards group. Other organizations such as the
]HDMI version 1.4, released in June 2009, defines a number of 3D transmission formats. The format "Frame Packing" (left and right image packed into one video frame with twice the normal bandwidth) is mandatory for HDMI 1.4 3D devices. All three resolutions (720p50, 720p60, and 1080p24) have to be supported by display devices, and at least one of those by playback devices. Other resolutions and formats are optional.[49] While HDMI 1.4 devices will be capable of transmitting 3D pictures in full 1080p, HDMI 1.3 does not include such support. As an out-of-spec solution for the bitrate problem, a 3D image may be displayed at a lower resolution, like interlaced or at standard definition.
DVB 3D-TV standard
- 3D-TV connected to 3D Blu-rayPlayer for packaged media.
- 3D-TV connected to HD Games Console, e.g. PS3for 3D gaming.
- 3D-TV connected to HD STB for broadcast 3D-TV.
- 3D-TV receiving a 3D-TV broadcast directly via a built-in tuner and decoder.
For the two broadcast scenarios above, initial requirements are for
Broadcasts
3D channels
This section needs to be updated.(July 2018) |
In 2008, 3D programming was broadcast on Japanese satellite BS11 approximately four times per day.[51]
The first Australian program broadcast in high-definition 3D was Fox Sports coverage of the soccer game Australia-New Zealand on 24 May 2010.[55]
Also in Australia, the
In early 2010, Discovery Communications, Imax, and Sony announced plans to launch a 3D TV channel in the US with a planned launch in early 2011. At the same time, a Russian company Platform HD and its partners – General Satellite and Samsung Electronics – announced about their 3D television project, which would be the first similar project in Russia.
In Brazil
Starting on 11 June 2010, ESPN launched a new channel, ESPN 3D, dedicated to 3D sports with up to 85 live events a year in 3D.[60]
On 1 January 2010, the world's first 3D channel, SKY 3D, started broadcasting nationwide in South Korea by Korea Digital Satellite Broadcasting. The channel's slogan is "World No.1 3D Channel". This 24/7 channel uses the Side by Side technology at a resolution of 1920x1080i. 3D contents include education, animation, sport, documentary and performances.[61]
A full 24-hour broadcast channel was announced at the 2010 Consumer Electronics show as a joint venture from IMAX, Sony, and the Discovery channel.[62] The intent was to launch the channel in the United States by year end 2010. However, this did not materialize in time.
DirecTV and Panasonic launched 2 broadcast channels and 1 Video on demand channel with 3D content[63] in June 2010. DirecTV previewed a live demo of their 3D feed at the Consumer Electronics Show held 7–10 January 2010.[64]
In Europe,
On 28 September 2010, Virgin Media launched a 3D TV on Demand service.[66]
Several other European
By November 2010, there were eight 3D channels broadcasting to Europe from three Astra satellite positions, including demonstrations provided by Astra, pay-TV from BSkyB, Canal+ and others, and the Dutch Brava3D cultural channel, which provides a mix of classical music, opera and ballet free-to-air across Europe from Astra 23.5°E.[70]
In April 2011, HIGH TV (a 3D family entertainment channel) launched. Headquartered in NY with offices in Hong Kong and London, the channel broadcasts through eight satellites round the world, covering Europe, Asia, the Nordic region, Russia, South America, Africa, Middle East and North America.
3flow is a 3D channel that began broadcasting on Freebox in France on 1 April 2011. Made up entirely of native stereoscopic programming produced and owned by WildEarth and Sasashani (WildEarth's parent company). Initially the focus was mostly safari and has now widened to include underwater, extreme sports and other 3D content from around the world. WildEarth and Sasashani also distribute 3D series and shows through 3D Content Hub.
On 1 January 2012, China's first 3D Test Channel launched on China Central Television and 5 other networks.[71]
On 1 February 2012: The Extreme Sports Channel – the home of Extreme Sports launched in Italy on Sky Italia marking its international début in high definition (HD).[72]
The channel's HD feed will be a simulcast of the standard definition feed launched in 1999, which now broadcasts to subscribers in 66 territories and in 12 languages across Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA). The inaugural launch on Italy's Sky platform sees the channel's entrance into the HD market and from there it will begin rolling out to operators across the EMEA region.
In February 2012 Telecable de Tricom, a major Dominican cable TV provider, announced the launch of the first 3D TV programming package in Latin America. As of 3 July 2012, the only 3D channels available are 3flow and HIGH TV 3D.[73]
In July 2013 the BBC announced that it would be indefinitely suspending 3D programming due to a lack of uptake. Only half of the estimated 1.5 million households in the UK with a 3D-enabled television watched the 2012 summer's Olympics opening ceremony in 3D.[74]
In 2013, in the US,
List of 3D TV channels
Channel | Country(s) | Note(s) | Status |
---|---|---|---|
3flow | Worldwide | Wildlife and entertainment | Active |
HIGH TV 3D | Worldwide | Entertainment | Active |
Penthouse 3D HD | United States | Porn | |
n3D | United States | DirecTV only | Defunct |
Cinema 3D | United States | DirecTV only | Defunct |
3net | United States | DirecTV only | Defunct |
MSG 3D |
United States | Cablevision only | Limited service |
ESPN 3D | United States | Sport | Defunct |
Xfinity 3D |
United States | Comcast only | Defunct |
Sky 3D | United Kingdom and Ireland | Sky only |
Active |
Foxtel 3D | Australia | Foxtel only | Defunct |
HD1 | Belgium (and other European countries) | Free-to-air | |
Sky 3D | Germany and Austria | Sky Deutschland only | Defunct |
Anixe 3D | German-speaking countries | Free-to-air | Defunct |
Nova 3D | Greece | Entertainment | |
Sport 5 3D |
Israel | Sport | Defunct |
Sky 3D |
Italy | Sky Italia only | |
Brava3D |
Europe | Free-to-air | Defunct |
Hustler HD 3D | Italy | Porn | |
Canal+ 3D | France | Canal+ only | Defunct |
LaTV3D | France | LaTV3D OTT | Active |
Canal+ 3D España | Spain | Canal+ only |
Active |
CANAL+ 3D | Poland | CYFRA+ only |
|
NEXT Man 3D | Poland | ||
NEXT Lejdis 3D | Poland | ||
NEXT Young 3D | Poland | ||
nShow 3D |
Poland | ITI Group only | Defunct |
NTV Plus 3D | Russia | made by Panasonic for broadcast on NTV Plus services only | Defunct |
Viasat 3D | Sweden | Viasat only | Defunct[75] |
Teledünya 3D | Turkey | Teledünya only |
|
Digitürk 3D | Turkey | Digitürk only |
|
Smart 3D | Turkey | Presentations | |
Sky 3D | South Korea | SkyLife only |
|
SBS 3D | South Korea | Free-to-air | |
TV Azteca 3D | Mexico | Free-to-air | |
Sukachan 3D169 | Japan | Sky PerfecTV! only |
Defunct |
BS11 | Japan | ||
RedeTV! 3D | Brazil | First free-to-air 3D channel in Brazil | Defunct |
Active 3D | India | Videocon d2h only |
|
MOBILESTAR 3D TV | India | First HD 3D channel in India | |
Zhongguo 3D dianshi shiyan pindao |
China | Made up by 6 different TV companies |
Standard HD channels have also broadcast in 3D. BBC HD occasionally broadcast high-profile events in 3D including the Wimbledon men's & ladies' singles finals and the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics. However the BBC abandoned 3D broadcasting following the 2013 Wimbledon tennis championships.[76]
3D episodes and shows
There have been several notable examples in television where 3D episodes have been produced, typically as one-hour specials or special events.
1980s
The first-ever 3D broadcast in the UK was an episode of the weekly science magazine The Real World, made by
In 1985 Portugal's national TV channel
1990s
In November 1993, the
3D television episodes were a brief
2000s
Recent uses of 3D in television include the drama
Channel 4 in the UK ran a short season of 3D programming in November 2009 including Derren Brown and The Queen in 3D. Unlike previous British 3D TV experiments, the program were transmitted in ColorCode 3D.[79]
In May 2006 Portugal's national TV channel
2010s
On 31 January 2010,
On 31 January 2010, the
The very first stereoscopic indie live action comedy one-hour show called Safety Geeks : SVI : 3D specifically for 3DTV and 3D VOD was produced and released in March 2010 through Digital Dynamic Depth / Yabazam and their Yabazam website portal.[81] Safety Geeks:SVI is the comic adventures of an elite force of safety experts, the P.O.S.H. (Professional Occupational Safety Hazard) team. Obsessed with making the world safer, the CSI-like team investigates accidents to find out what went wrong and who is to blame. It won the Los Angeles 3D film Festival in 2010 as best pilot or series in 3D.
In April 2010, the Masters Tournament was broadcast in live 3D on DirecTV, Comcast, and Cox.
The
The
On 29 May 2010, Sky broadcasts Guinness Premiership Final in 3D in selected pubs and clubs.[83]
25 matches in the
The Inauguration of Philippine President
The
cable systems.Satellite delivered Bell TV in Canada began to offer a full-time pay-TV, 3D channel to its subscribers on 27 July 2010.
The 2010 PGA Championship was broadcast in 3D for four hours on 13 August 2010, from 3–7 pm EDT. The broadcast was available on DirecTV, Comcast, Time Warner Cable, Bright House Networks, Cox Communications, and Cablevision.[84]
In September 2010, the
FioS and the
The 2010 AFL Grand Final, on 25 September 2010, was broadcast in 3D from the Seven Network.
The first Japanese television series in 3D, Tokyo Control, premiered on 19 January 2011.[87]
In May 2011, 3net released the first docu-reality TV series entitled Bullproof filmed in native 3D made by Digital Revolution Studios.
The 2011 3D Creative Arts Awards "Your World in 3D" was the first award show filmed in native 3D and televised on 3net 3D channel broadcast on DirectTV. The production was filmed at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.
On 16 July 2011 – The Parlotones (South African Rock Act) became the first band to broadcast a Live Rock Opera to Terrestrial Cinema in 3D, a Live 3D feed to DIRECT TV in the US and Facebook pay per view. It was called "Dragonflies & Astronauts".
The semi-finals, Bronze Final and Final matches of the 2011 Rugby World Cup will be broadcast in 3D.
Singapore based Tiny Island Productions is currently producing
In July 2011, the BBC announced that the grand final of Strictly Come Dancing in December 2011 will air in 3-D.
The BBC broadcast the 2011 finals of the Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Championships in 3D.[90]
In February 2012 Telecable de Tricom, a major Dominican cable TV provider, announced the launch of the first 3D TV programming package in Latin America. As of 10 August 2012 the only 3D channels available are Wildearth, 3 Flow 3D, and High TV 3D.[91]
Avi Arad is currently developing a 3D Pac-Man TV show.[92]
The
In 2013, in Brazil,
In July 2013, the BBC announced that they were putting 3D broadcasts on hold due to lack of audience interest, even from those who owned 3D TV displays.[95]
As one of their final 3D broadcasts, 23 November 2013, the
Decline
As early as 2013, 3D televisions were being seen as a fad.[97][98] DirecTV had stopped broadcasting 3D programs in 2012, while ESPN stopped in 2013.[99] In the UK, Sky moved its content to on-demand, and the BBC ended airing 3D shows in 2013 due to "lack of public appetite".[100][101]
Fewer and fewer 3D TVs were sold and soon TV manufacturers stopped making them. Vizio stopped production in 2014 and was followed by others.[102] In January 2017, the last two major television manufacturers still producing 3D televisions, Sony and LG, announced they would stop all 3D support.[99]
World record
The
Health effects
Some viewers have complained of
There are primarily two effects of 3D TV that are unnatural for the human vision: crosstalk between the eyes caused by imperfect image separation and the mismatch between
It is believed that approximately 12% of people are unable to properly see 3D images, owing to a variety of medical conditions.[111][112] According to another experiment, up to 30% of people have very weak stereoscopic vision preventing depth perception based on stereo disparity. This nullifies or greatly decreases immersion effects of digital stereo to them.[113]
See also
- Autostereoscopy
- Stereoscopy
- 2D-plus-Depth
- 2D plus Delta
- 3D display
- 3D film
- List of 3D films
- Blu-ray 3D Disc
- Crosstalk
- Digital 3D
- HD TV
- LED TV
- Nintendo 3DS
- SES
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Further reading
- Mansi Sharma; Santanu Chaudhury; Brejesh Lall; M.S. Venkatesh (2014). "A flexible architecture for multi-view 3DTV based on uncalibrated cameras". Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation. 25 (4): 599–621. .
- Anil Fernando; Stewart T. Worrall; Erhan Ekmekcioǧlu (2013). 3DTV: Processing and Transmission of 3D Video Signals. Wiley. ISBN 9781119997320.
- Mansi Sharma; Santanu Chaudhury; Brejesh Lall (2012). "3DTV view generation with virtual pan/tilt/zoom functionality". Proceedings of the Eighth Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing - ICVGIP '12. Proceedings of the Eighth Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, ACM New York, NY, USA. pp. 1–8. ISBN 9781450316606.
- Mansi Sharma; Santanu Chaudhury; Brejesh Lall (2013). "Space-Time Parameterized Variety Manifolds: A Novel Approach for Arbitrary Multi-perspective 3D View Generation". 2013 International Conference on 3D Vision. International Conference on 3D Vision – 3DV 2013, 2013. pp. 358–365. ISBN 978-0-7695-5067-1.
External links
- Media related to 3D Television at Wikimedia Commons