al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah | |||||
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al-Tayyib | |||||
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Dynasty | Fatimid | ||||
Father | al-Musta'li |
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Abu Ali al-Mansur ibn al-Musta'li (
Until 1121, he was a de facto puppet of his uncle and father-in-law, the
Life
The future al-Amir was born on 31 December 1096 as Mansur, the oldest son of the ninth Fatimid
Reign under al-Afdal's tutelage
Al-Musta'li died on 11 December 1101, and on the same day, at the age of five, al-Amir was proclaimed caliph by al-Afdal.[1][2] Al-Afdal was already al-Amir's maternal uncle, and further strengthened the familial ties with the young caliph by marrying him to his own daughter.[3] This was a departure from usual practice, as the Fatimid caliphs had until then had children with concubines and never legally wed. The formal marriage was evidently an attempt by al-Afdal to secure the succession of any progeny of this union over other children of the caliph.[4] A decree, dictated by al-Afdal, renewed his appointment as vizier with plenipotentiary powers and ensured his ascendancy over the child-caliph.[3] The first twenty years of al-Amir's reign were thus dominated by al-Afdal, who controlled government and restricted al-Amir to a few ceremonial duties.[1][5] Like his father before him, al-Amir lived mostly confined in the caliphal palaces, while al-Afdal arrogated most ceremonial functions to himself.[6]
Under al-Afdal's rule, the Fatimid state was chiefly occupied with the conflict with the
Assassination of al-Afdal
Al-Afdal's tutelage ended with his assassination on 11 December 1121, on the eve of the Eid al-Fitr.[5][12] The deed was officially blamed on Nizari agents,[a][1][13] but both medieval historians[b] and modern scholars are skeptical: given his own resentment at the subordinate figurehead role to which al-Afdal had relegated him, al-Amir is suspected of having been the true instigator of the assassination.[5][15]
While engaging in a public display of grief for his vizier and father-in-law and arranging a public burial ceremony in the
Vizierate of al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi
As al-Amir had been left out of government and was unfamiliar with its intricacies, he selected al-Afdal's long-time chief of staff, al-Qa'id al-Bata'ihi, as vizier.
Al-Bata'ihi formally assumed the same plenipotentiary powers that al-Afdal had possessed,[20] and was a capable administrator, but his position was much weaker vis-à-vis the caliph than his old master's: al-Amir resumed many of the old caliphal ceremonial functions that al-Afdal had arrogated to himself, and he henceforth had a voice in government.[5] As historian Michael Brett writes, "The relationship itself was one of alliance, in which the minister was entrusted as before with the responsibilities of government, in return for bringing the monarch out from his seclusion into the public eye".[21] Most importantly, al-Amir ensured that all tax income and precious textiles would be kept in the caliphal palace, and distributed from there.[22] As ruler, al-Amir is portrayed in the sources as "unusually intelligent and knowledgeable", and was said to have memorized the Quran.[5] The changed balance of power was apparent to al-Bata'ihi, who sought to secure his position by extracting a written pledge from al-Amir to communicate any denunciations or accusations directly to him. The document was to be valid until al-Bata'ihi's death, and the caliph furthermore undertook to look after the vizier's offspring after that.[22]
In the aftermath of the assassination of al-Afdal, the threat of the Nizaris, who were implacably hostile to the rule of al-Amir and his father, was a major concern of the government, in view of the widespread network of agents they had established.[5][23] Reports received in Cairo claimed that the chief Nizari leader, Hasan-i Sabbah, celebrated al-Afdal's murder and awaited the same fate for al-Amir and al-Bata'ihi.[24] A hunt for Nizari agents was launched by the vizier, who established an extensive espionage network of his own to counter Nizati infiltration of Cairo.[25] In addition, in December 1122 al-Amir convened a meeting of officials in Cairo in which the Nizari claims to the Nizar's being the rightful successor of Caliph al-Mustansir (r. 1036–1094) were publicly denounced, and the legitimacy of al-Musta'li's succession affirmed, by none other than a person presented as Nizar's only sister. A proclamation to that effect, the al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya, was issued on this occasion, publicly read from the pulpits of the mosques, and then sent to the Nizari communities in Persia.[1][5][26]
In spring 1122, the Fatimid fleet managed to recover control of the Levantine port city of
Al-Amir also paid attention to courting the remaining pro-Fatimid,
Personal rule
On 3 October 1125 al-Amir suddenly ordered al-Bata'ihi, his brother Haydara al-Mu'taman, and his chief aides arrested.[5][32] Various reasons were put forward for this: that al-Amir did not forgive al-Bata'ihi the loss of Tyre; that the secretary Ibn Abi Usama convinced al-Amri that the vizier conspired with Ja'far, al-Amir's only full brother, to depose him; or that al-Bata'ihi was the true instigator of the fake Nizari coinage struck in Yemen.[32][33] The truth is rather that al-Amir, like other caliphs in the past, had begun resenting the power of his over-mighty vizier.[5][32] The vizier was also a victim of his own policies: unlike Badr and al-Afdal, al-Bata'ihi lacked a power base of his own in the army, and relied on the caliph as his patron;[33] and the revival of al-Amir's public role, lavishly orchestrated by al-Bata'ihi himself, only served to strengthen the caliph's authority and self-confidence.[6][33] Finally, the pledge extracted by al-Bata'ihi from the caliph, intended to safeguard him, may have backfired, as al-Amir perceived it as a personal humiliation.[34] Haydara died in prison, but al-Bata'ihi was executed along with Ibn Najib al-Dawla on the night of 19/20 July 1128.[32][35]
Al-Amir did not appoint a new vizier, becoming the first Fatimid caliph since
In February/March 1130, al-Amir finally had a son, who was named
Murder and aftermath
On 7 October 1130, al-Amir was assassinated by Nizari agents. He left only his six-month-old son, al-Tayyib, to succeed him, with no designated regent or serving vizier.[41][42][43] Al-Amir's murder not only undid his attempts to once again concentrate power in the caliph's hands instead of over-mighty generals and ministers, but also, given the fragility of succession, endangered the very survival of the Fatimid dynasty.[43]
Al-Tayyib was quickly sidelined, and his fate is unknown;
Al-Hafiz' succession broke a continuous line of father-to-son succession of ten generations, something extremely rare in the Islamic world and much remarked upon by medieval authors.
The Tayyibis hold that al-Tayyib was entrusted by al-Amir to a certain Ibn Madyan, and that Ibn Madyan and his helpers hid the infant when Kutayfat came to power. Ibn Madyan was killed by Kutayfat, but his brother-in-law escaped with al-Tayyib, who went into
denotes ruling
ISBN 978-0-521-61636-2 . |
See also
- List of Ismaili imams
- Lists of rulers of Egypt
Footnotes
- ^ A list of Nizari assassination victims from Alamut also claims responsibility for al-Afdal's death.[13]
- ^ The contemporary Syrian chronicler Ibn al-Qalanisi directly accuses al-Amir,[13] while the 15th-century historian Ibn Taghribirdi claims that al-Amir ordered the assassination in response to al-Afdal attempting to poison him.[14]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Stern 1960, p. 440.
- ^ a b Halm 2014, p. 131.
- ^ a b Brett 2017, p. 234.
- ^ Halm 2014, pp. 131–132.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Walker 2011.
- ^ a b Halm 2014, p. 164.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 235–237, 240–241.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 240–243.
- ^ Halm 2014, p. 132.
- ^ Halm 2014, p. 139.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 251–252.
- ^ Halm 2014, pp. 140–141.
- ^ a b c Halm 2014, p. 141.
- ^ a b c Sajjadi 2015.
- ^ Halm 2014, pp. 141–142.
- ^ Halm 2014, pp. 144–145.
- ^ a b Halm 2014, p. 145.
- ^ Halm 2014, pp. 141–143.
- ^ Halm 2014, p. 146.
- ^ Halm 2014, pp. 146–147.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 253.
- ^ a b Halm 2014, p. 147.
- ^ Halm 2014, p. 153.
- ^ Halm 2014, p. 152.
- ^ Halm 2014, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Halm 2014, pp. 154–156.
- ^ Halm 2014, p. 159.
- ^ Halm 2014, pp. 159–160.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 256–257.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 256, 257–258.
- ^ Halm 2014, pp. 161–163.
- ^ a b c d Halm 2014, p. 165.
- ^ a b c Brett 2017, p. 257.
- ^ Behrens-Abouseif 1992, p. 35.
- ^ a b c Brett 2017, p. 258.
- ^ Halm 2014, pp. 166–168.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 258–259.
- ^ Halm 2014, p. 168.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 259.
- ^ Stern 1951, pp. 196–198.
- ^ a b Daftary 2007, p. 246.
- ^ a b Halm 2014, pp. 177–178.
- ^ a b Brett 2017, p. 261.
- ^ Stern 1951, p. 204.
- ^ Daftary 2007, pp. 246, 261.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 262–263.
- ^ Stern 1951, pp. 203–204.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 262.
- ^ Halm 2014, p. 179.
- ^ Daftary 2007, p. 247.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 263–265.
- ^ Halm 2014, pp. 178–181.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 265.
- ^ Halm 2014, pp. 182–183.
- ^ Daftary 2007, pp. 247–248.
- ^ a b Brett 2017, pp. 265–266.
- ^ a b Daftary 2007, pp. 248, 264.
- ^ Daftary 2007, pp. 261ff..
- ^ Halm 2014, pp. 184, 185.
Sources
- Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992). "The Façade of the Aqmar Mosque in the Context of Fatimid Ceremonial". Muqarnas. 9: 29–38. JSTOR 1523133.
- Brett, Michael (2017). The Fatimid Empire. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4076-8.
- ISBN 978-0-521-61636-2.
- ISBN 978-3-406-66163-1.
- Sajjadi, Sadeq (2015). "Al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām Allāh". In .
- JSTOR 1579511.
- OCLC 495469456.
- Walker, Paul E. (2011). "al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām Allāh". In Fleet, Kate; ISSN 1873-9830.