Anti-clericalism in Mexico
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The modern
Beginning of anticlericalism and persecution
In one form or another,
After the
In 1917, a new Constitution was enacted, hostile to the Church and religion, which promulgated an anti-clericalism similar to that seen in France during the
Calles presidency and Cristero War
As a reaction against the strict enforcement of the above anti-clerical articles in the constitution of 1917 in Mexico, specifically Article 130, armed conflict broke out in the Cristero War (also known as the Cristiada) of 1926 to 1929. This was a civil war between Catholic rebels called Cristeros and the anti-clerical Mexican government of the time that was mainly localized in central Western states in Mexico.
Though conflict between church and state had marked the presidency of
The formal rebellion began on January 1, 1927, with the "Cristeros" battle cry ¡Viva Cristo Rey! ("Long live Christ the King!"). When Jalisco federal commander General
On September 29, 1932, Pope Pius XI issued a second encyclical on the persecution,
The persecution was worst under the rule of
The Catholic Church has recognized several of those killed in connection with the Cristero rebellion as
Mid-twentieth century
As Mexico entered the mid-twentieth century, the more violent oppression of earlier in the century had waned but the Church remained severely suppressed. By 1940, it "legally had no corporate existence, no real estate, no schools, no monasteries or convents, no foreign priests, no right to defend itself publicly or in the courts. ...Its clergy were forbidden to wear clerical garb, to vote, to celebrate public religious ceremonies, and to engage in politics," but the restrictions were not always enforced.[25]
Open hostility toward the Church largely ceased with the election of
Removal of many anticlerical provisions from the constitution
In 1991, President Salinas proposed the removal of most of the anticlerical provisions from the constitution, a move which passed the legislature in 1992.[26]
Martyrs
- Saints of the Cristero War
- José Sánchez del Río
- Mateo Correa Magallanes
- Miguel Pro
- Anacleto González Flores
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 0-8196-0189-6
- ^ Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824) Archived 2012-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Werner, Michael S., Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico, p. 88, Taylor and Francis 2001
- ISBN 9780803279971.
huerta high clergy.
- ^ Ignacio C. Enríques (1915). The religious question in Mexico, number 7. I.C. Enriquez. p. 10.
- ISBN 9780717807109.
- ^ Carlo de Fornaro, John Farley (1916). What the Catholic Church Has Done to Mexico. Latin-American News Association. pp. 13–14.
urrutia .
- ISBN 9780815626923.
- ISBN 0-8196-0189-6
- ^ Needler, Martin C. Mexican Politics: The Containment of Conflict p. 50, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995
- ^ Toft, Monica Duffy, Daniel Philpott and Timothy Samuel Shah, God's Century: Resurgent Religion and Global Politics, p. 171, W.W. Norton & Co. 2011
- ISBN 0-8196-0189-6
- ^ Edward J. Berbusse, S.J., "The Unofficial Intervention of the United States in Mexico's Religious Crisis, 1926-1930". The Americas 23.1 (July 1966): 31.
- ^ ISBN 0-8196-0189-6
- ^ Qtd. Edward J. Berbusse, S.J., "The Unofficial Intervention of the United States in Mexico's Religious Crisis, 1926-1930". The Americas 23.1 (July 1966): 37.
- ^ [ON THE PERSECUTION OF THE CHURCH IN MEXICO "Iniquis Afflictisque". Archived from the original on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2007-11-28.] Papal Encyclicals Online 1926
- ^ Davis, Mike. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New Edition). Verso. 1990. 331.
- ^ Hodges, Donald Clark and Gandy, Daniel Ross. Mexico, the End of the Revolution. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2002. 49.
- ^ a b Van Hove, Brian Blood-Drenched Altars Faith & Reason 1994
- ^ Scheina, Robert L. Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791-1899 p. 33 (2003
Brassey's) ISBN 1-57488-452-2
- ISBN 0-393-31066-3
- ^ Enciclopedia de Municipios de México, Tabasco-Centro Archived 2012-03-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Garrido Canabal, Tomás". The Columbia Encyclopedia Sixth Edition (2005).
- ^ Stan Ridgeway, "Monoculture, Monopoly, and the Mexican Revolution" Mexican Studies / Estudios Mexicanos 17.1 (Winter, 2001): 167.
- ^ Mabry, Donald J. "Mexican Anticlerics, Bishops, Cristeros, the Devout during the 1920s: A Scholarly Debate." Journal of Church and State 20, 1: 82 (1978).
- ^ a b Mexico: Church State Relations Country Studies Series by Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress June 1996