Christianity in Saudi Arabia
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Accurate religious demographics are difficult to obtain in Saudi Arabia, but there are approximately 2.1 million Christians in Saudi Arabia in 2020.[1] Christians in Saudi Arabia are reported to face widespread discrimination and harassment, including both foreign-born Christians and native Christians.[2]
Early history
Christians had formed churches in Arabia prior to the time of Muhammad in the 7th century. Ancient Arab traders had traveled to Jerusalem for trade purposes and heard the gospel from Saint Peter (Acts 2:11) and Paul the Apostle spent several years in Arabia (Galatians 1:17), later further strengthened by the ministry of Saint Thomas who went to Arabia, Mesopotamia, Persia and later to the Indian subcontinent.
One of the earliest church buildings ever, known as Jubail Church, is located in Saudi Arabia; it was built around the 4th century.
Some parts of modern Saudi Arabia (such as
Ancient Arabian Christianity has largely vanished from the region, due to conversion and migration.
Persecution
On June 15, 1858, 21 Christian residents of
International Christian Concern (ICC) protested what it reported as the 2001 detention of 11 Christians in Saudi Arabia, for practicing their religion in their homes.[7] In June 2004, at least 46 Christians were arrested in what the ICC described as a "pogrom-like" action by Saudi police. The arrests took place shortly after the media reported that a Quran had been desecrated in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.[8]
Community today
There are more than 0.5 million
Saudi Arabia allows Christians to enter the country as
Although textbooks in Saudi Arabia have moderated their extremist content since 2001, they still contain some content classified as "egregious" such as characterizing Christians and other non-Muslims as liars and are considered to promote religious hatred and intolerance towards non-Muslims,[2] while the NGO Human Rights Watch has also reported rising hate speech against Christians by Saudi leaders.[14]
The Saudi Arabian
Christians and other non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the city of
There are also Christian communities on expatriate compounds, including Catholic services in the
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Currently there are no official churches in Saudi Arabia.[15] According to the Society of Architectural Heritage Protection Jeddah and the Municipality of Jeddah, a long-abandoned house in Al-Baghdadiyya district has never been an Anglican church, contrary to the "'myth' that had spread on the Internet". However, in 1930 there was a non-Muslim cemetery in Jeddah.[18]
Discovered in 1986, the church ruins at Jubail originally belonged to the Church of the East, a branch of Eastern Christianity in the Middle East. The government has placed a fence around the church to prevent potential tourists from entering. However, the fences have not stopped locals from coming in to vandalise and damage the building.[19][20][21][22][23]
In 2018, Saudi Arabia had its first public Divine Liturgy celebrated by clergy of the Coptic church.[24][25] In 2022, the taboo around Christmas trees lightened, allowing for open sales and decorations.[26]
Demographics
According to
In 2022, the number of Christians living in Saudi Arabia was estimated at 2.1 million; however, it was unknown how many are Protestants, Catholics or Orthodox[15] Other estimates put this at over 2 million.[30]
Freedom of religion
In 2023, the Open Doors World Watch List ranked Saudi Arabia as the 13th most difficult country to be a Christian or any type of non-muslim.[31]
See also
- Catholic Church in Saudi Arabia
- Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Saudi Arabia
- Protestantism in Saudi Arabia
- Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia
- Human rights in Saudi Arabia
References
- ^ "Saudi Arabia". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
- ^ a b "Bishop of Truro's Independent Review for the Foreign Secretary of FCO Support for Persecuted Christians". Christian Persecution Review. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ The Church of England quarterly review, 1858 p.218-219
- ^ John McDowell Leavitt, Nathaniel Smith Richardson, Henry Mason Baum G.B. Bassett, The Church Review, Volume 11, 1859 p.527
- ^ The Protestant Episcopal Quarterly Review, and Church Register, Volume 5, H. Dyer, 1858 p.560-561
- ^ "Details of the Jeddah Massacre", Taranaki Herald, Volume VII, Issue 331, 4 December 1858, Supplement
- ISBN 9781564322852. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
- ISBN 9781422323731. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia". 2009-10-31. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
- ^ Giuseppe Caffulli (September 7, 2004). "A catacomb Church? Perhaps, but one that is alive and well . . . and universal". AsiaNews.it. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
- ^ a b c International Religious Freedom Report 2008 - Saudi Arabia
- ^ United States Report on International Religious Freedoms (PDF). Washington. April 2018. pp. 82–89.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Local laws and customs - Saudi Arabia travel advice". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
- ^ ""They Are Not Our Brothers"". Human Rights Watch. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f US State Dept 2022 report
- ^ Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 11: 17. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- ^ "Israeli man's photos in holy Muslim site cause social media rage". BBC News. 21 November 2017.
- ^ Fouzia Khan, "Misconception about old Jeddah edifice cleared", Arab News, 14 October 2012
- ^ J.A. Langfeldt, "Recently Discovered Early Christian Monuments in Northeastern Arabia", Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 5 (1994), 32–60 [1].
- ^ Changing Identities in the Arabian Gulf: Archaeology, Religion, and Ethnicity in Context T. Insoll - The Archaeology of Plural and Changing Identities, 2005 - Springer "He mentions how access to the monuments was restricted, and how the church in Jubail supposedly had its impressed crosses obliterated. Besides vandalism, the presence of these Christian remains caused a debate over what exactly they signified."
- Thaj and also Jebel Berri(Potts 1994). There is at least one. possibly two. church sites on Qatar."
- Al Jubailand Thaj ..."
- Marawah, Abu Dhabi emirate, United Arab EmiratesJ Elders - Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 2001 "There are two known sites along the Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia, at Jubail (Langfeldt 1994) and slightly inland at Jebel Berri (Potts 1994). There are unconfirmed but persistent reports of at least one, more probably two church sites on Qatar."
- ^ "First Christian mass held in Saudi Arabia | Amr Emam".
- ^ Coptstoday.com, December 1, 2018.
- ^ Chulov, Martin (2022-12-24). "'You see trees on sale': the easing of Saudi Arabia's Christmas taboo". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
- ^ "Religious Composition By Country" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 23 March 2018.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (April 28, 2010). "Saudi Arabia". The World Factbook. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ISBN 0-415-94181-4.
- ^ Christianity Today website, Retrieved 2023-06-27
- ^ Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08