Battery electric vehicle
A battery electric vehicle (BEV), pure electric vehicle, only-electric vehicle, fully electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that exclusively uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs, with no secondary source of propulsion (a hydrogen fuel cell, internal combustion engine, etc.). BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. They derive all power from battery packs and thus have no internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank. BEVs include – but are not limited to[1][2] – motorcycles, bicycles, scooters, skateboards, railcars, watercraft, forklifts, buses, trucks, and cars.
In 2016, there were 210 million electric bikes worldwide used daily.[3] Cumulative global sales of highway-capable light-duty pure electric car vehicles passed the one million unit milestone in September 2016.[4] As of October 2020[update], the world's top selling all-electric car in history is the Tesla Model 3, with an estimated 645,000 sales,[5] followed by the Nissan Leaf with over 500,000 sales as of September 2020[update].[6]
History
During the 1880s, Gustave Trouvé, Thomas Parker and Andreas Flocken built experimental electric cars, but the first practical battery electric vehicles appeared during the 1890s.[7] Battery vehicle milk floats expanded in 1931, and by 1967, gave Britain the largest electric vehicle fleet in the world.[citation needed]
Terminology
Hybrid electric vehicles use both electric motors and internal combustion engines, and are not considered pure or all-electric vehicles.[8]
Hybrid electric vehicles whose batteries can be charged externally are called plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and run as BEVs during their charge-depleting mode. PHEVs with a series powertrain are also called range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such as the Chevrolet Volt and Fisker Karma.
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs).
The electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (aka all-combustion vehicles) belong to one of the two categories.[8][9]
In China, plug-in electric vehicles, together with hybrid electric vehicles are called new energy vehicles (NEVs).
Vehicles by type
The concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged
BEVs include
Rail
- Battery electric railcars:
Battery electric trains in the form of
Other countries have also tested or ordered such vehicles.
- Locomotives:
- Electric rail trolley:
Electric bus
Beginning in the summer of 2000,
The 2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of 130 km (81 mi) with the air conditioning on. They use lithium-ion batteries, and consume about 1 kW⋅h/mi (0.62 kW⋅h/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by the Jinghua Coach.[17] The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the recharging station to allow 24-hour operation of the buses.[18]
In
In the
In 2012, heavy-duty trucks and buses contributed 7% of global warming emissions in California.[22]
In 2014, the first production model all-electric school bus was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California's San Joaquin Valley. The bus was one of four the district ordered. This battery-electric school bus, which has four sodium nickel batteries, is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.[23]
In 2016, including the light heavy-duty vehicles, there were roughly 1.5 million heavy-duty vehicles in California.[22]
The same technology is used to power the Mountain View Community Shuttles. This technology was supported by the California Energy Commission, and the shuttle program is being supported by Google.[24]
Thunder Sky
Thunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds
Free Tindo
Tindo is an all-electric bus from
First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus
Electric trucks
For most of the 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.[30] The 21st century saw the massive development of BYD electric trucks.[31]
Electric vans
In March 2012, Smith Electric Vehicles announced the release of the Newton Step-Van, an all-electric, zero-emission vehicle built on the versatile Newton platform that features a walk-in body produced by Indiana-based Utilimaster.[32]
Electric cars
A battery-powered
Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed, the lower specific energy of production batteries available in 2015 compared with carbon-based fuels means that electric cars need batteries that are a fairly large fraction of the vehicle mass but still often give a relatively low range between charges. Recharging can also take significant lengths of time. For journeys within a single battery charge, rather than long journeys, electric cars are practical forms of transportation and can be recharged overnight.
Electric cars can significantly reduce
Electric cars are having a major impact in the auto industry
Formula E is a fully electric international single-seater championship. The series was conceived in 2012, and the inaugural championship started in Beijing on 13 September 2014. The series is sanctioned by the FIA. Alejandro Agag is the current CEO of Formula E.[46][47]
The Formula E championship is currently contested by ten teams with two drivers each (after the withdrawal of Team Trulli, there are temporarily only nine teams competing). Racing generally takes place on temporary city-center street circuits which are approximately 2 to 3.4 kilometres (1.2 to 2.1 mi) long. Currently, only the Mexico City ePrix takes place on a road course, a modified version of the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez.[citation needed]
Special-purpose vehicles
Electric motorcycles, scooters and rickshaws
Three-wheeled vehicles include electric rickshaws, a powered variant of the cycle rickshaw. The large-scale adoption of electric two-wheelers can reduce traffic noise and road congestion but may necessitate adaptations of the existing urban infrastructure and safety regulations.[48]
Electric bicycles
India is the world’s biggest market for bicycles at 22 million units per year. By 2024, electric two-wheelers will be a $2 billion market with over 3 million units being sold in India.[54]
The Indian government is launching schemes and incentives to promote the adoption of electric vehicles in the country, and is aiming to be a manufacturing hub for electric vehicles within the next five years.[55][56]
China has experienced an explosive growth of sales of non-assisted e-bikes including the scooter type, with annual sales jumping from 56,000 units in 1998 to over 21 million in 2008,[57] and reaching an estimated 120 million e-bikes on the road in early 2010. China is the world's leading manufacturer of e-bikes, with 22.2 million units produced in 2009.
Personal transporters
An increasing variety of
Electric boats
Several battery electric ships operate throughout the world, some for business. Electric ferries are being operated and constructed.[58]
Technology
Vehicle type | Fuel used |
---|---|
All-petroleum vehicle (aka all-combustion vehicle) |
Most use of petroleum or other fuel. |
Regular hybrid electric vehicle |
Less use of petroleum or other fuel, but unable to be plugged in. |
Plug-in hybrid vehicle | Less use of petroleum or other fuel, residual use of electricity. |
All-electric vehicle (BEV, AEV) |
Exclusively uses electricity. |
Motor controllers
The motor controller receives a signal from
Battery pack
Most electric vehicles today use an electric battery, consisting of electrochemical cells with external connections in order to provide power to the vehicle.[63]
Battery technology for EVs has developed from early
Motors
Electric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form of
Once electric power is supplied to the motor (from the controller), the magnetic field interaction inside the motor will turn the drive shaft and ultimately the vehicle's wheels.[59]
Economy
EV battery storage is a key element for the global energy transition which is dependent on more electricity storage right now. As energy availability is the most important factor for the vitality of an economy the mobile storage infrastructure of EV batteries can be seen as one of the most meaningful infrastructure projects facilitating the energy transition to a fully sustainable economy based on renewables. A meta-study graphically showing the importance of electricity storage depicts the technology in context.[64]
Environmental impact
Power generation
Electric vehicles produce no
The carbon intensity of electricity varies depending on the source of electricity where it is consumed. A country with a high share of renewable energy in its electricity mix will have a low C.I. In the European Union, in 2013, the carbon intensity had a strong geographic variability but in most of the member states, electric vehicles were "greener" than conventional ones. On average, electric cars saved 50–60% of CO2 emissions compared to diesel and gasoline fuelled engines.[citation needed]
Moreover, the de-carbonisation process is constantly reducing the GHG emissions due to the use of electric vehicles. In the European Union, on average, between 2009 and 2013 there was a reduction in the electricity carbon intensity of 17%.[66] In a life-cycle assessment perspective, considering the GHG necessary to build the battery and its end-of-life, the GHG savings are 10–13% lower.[67]
The open source VencoPy model framework can be used to study the interactions between vehicles, owners, and the electricity system at large.[68]
Vehicle construction
GHGs are also emitted when the electric vehicle is being manufactured. The lithium-ion batteries used in the vehicle take more materials and energy to produce because of the extraction process of the lithium and cobalt essential to the battery.[69] This means the bigger the electric vehicle, the more carbon dioxide emitted. The same size-to-emission relationship applies to manufacturing of all products.
The mines that are used to produce the lithium and cobalt used in the battery are also creating problems for the environment, as fish are dying up to 240 km (150 mi) downstream from mining operations due to chemical leaks and the chemicals also leak into the water sources the people that live near the mines use, creating health problems for the animals and people that live nearby.[70]
See also
- All-electric range
- Automotive battery
- Battery balancing
- Capa vehicle
- Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA)
- Electric vehicle battery
- Electric vehicle warning sounds
- Global Electric Motorcars
- Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
- Greenpower
- Hydrogen vehicle
- List of electric cars currently available
- List of electric-vehicle-battery manufacturers
- List of production battery electric vehicles
- Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent
- Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries
- Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
- Road-powered electric vehicle
- Short-commute vehicles
- Supercapacitor
- Think Global
- Tokyo Electric Power Company
- Wireless charging
- Personal electric vehicle(PEV)
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Further reading
- Witkin, Jim. Building Better Batteries for Electric Cars, lithium ion battery.
External links
- Patents
- U.S. patent 523,354, Emil E. Keller, Electrically Propelled Perambulator, 1894
- U.S. patent 594,805, Hiram Percy Maxim, Motor vehicle, 1897
- U.S. patent 772,571, Hiram Percy Maxim et al., Electric motor vehicle, 1904
- Organizations
- Battery Vehicle Society (UK)
- Zap-Map – the UK national directory of recharging points.
- The European Association for Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (AVERE).
- Czech EV Club – (CZ) Eng. section in photogallery.
- Alternative Technology Association Electric Vehicle Interest Group.
- Australian Electric Vehicle Association.
- Electric Car Society.
- News
- Reasons to buy an electric car in 2013
- AeroVironment Awarded U.S. Patent For Electric Vehicle Energy Data Management And Control (Green Car Congress)
- Solar charging station for Ford Focus Electric Vehicle
- Studies
- "Application of Life-Cycle Assessment to Nanoscale Technology: Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles" (PDF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 13 April 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- "Hybrid and Electric Vehicles – The Electric Drive Gains Traction" (PDF). International Energy Agency (IEA). May 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- Lee, Henry; Lovellette, Grant (July 2011). "Will Electric Cars Transform the U.S. Vehicle Market?" (PDF). Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2018.