Bignoniaceae

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Begoniaceae.

Bignoniaceae
Temporal range: Ypresian-Recent[1]
Bigleaf black calabash (Amphitecna macrophylla)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Juss.[2]
Type genus
Bignonia
Monophyletic groups
Synonyms
Crescentiaceae Dumortier

Bignoniaceae (/bɪɡˌnoʊniˈeɪsiiː/)[3] is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales commonly known as the bignonias or trumpet vines.[4] It is not known to which of the other families in the order it is most closely related.[5]

Nearly all of the Bignoniaceae are

genera: Tourrettia, Argylia, and Incarvillea.[6] The family includes many lianas, climbing by tendrils, by twining, or rarely, by aerial roots. The largest tribe in the family, called Bignonieae, consists mostly of lianas and is noted for its unique wood anatomy.[7]

The family has a nearly

temperate zones. Its greatest diversity is in northern South America.[7] The family has been covered in some major floristic projects, such as Flora of China, Flora Malesiana, and Flora Neotropica. It has not yet been covered in some others, such as Flora of Australia, and Flora of North America
.

Bignoniaceae are most noted for

poisonous to livestock and have caused severe losses.[11]

According to different accounts, the number of species in the family is about 810

molecular phylogenetic studies have greatly clarified relationships within the family, and the number of accepted genera is now between 80 and 85.[13]

Bignoniaceae in Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore

Description

Tecomaria capensis

Members of this family are mostly trees or lianas, sometimes shrubs, and rarely subshrubs or herbs.

Lianas of the tribe Bignonieae have a unique

cambium cease the production of xylem at an early stage of development. The number of these arms is four or a multiple thereof, up to 32.[14] When four, the phloem arms appear as a cross, hence, the common name "cross vine". The phloem in the arms has wider sieve tubes and less parenchyma than the ordinary phloem.[15]

The

Domatia
occur in some genera.

Hyderabad, India

cyme. Inflorescences bear persistent or deciduous bracts
or bractlets. The flowers are
carpels, bilocular and with a septum, except unilocular in Tourrettia and quadrilocular in Eccremocarpus. Placentation is axile, except parietal in Tourrettia. Ovules
are numerous.

Bignoniaceae flower, upper lip removed. Notice the didynamous 4 stamens and the style-stigma, all in dorsal position.

The

replum. Dehiscence is septicidal or loculicidal. The three exceptions are the genera Kigelia, Crescentia and its close relatives, and Colea and its close relatives. In these, the fruit is indehiscent, not a capsule, and the seeds are not winged. The fruit is a berry in Colea. Seeds are usually flat and winged. Aril is absent. Endosperm usually absent, and sometimes sparse.[7]

Iridoids are usually present.[17] Other compounds detected in Bignoniaceae include verbascosides, cornoside, quercetin, ursolic acid, saponins, and catalpic acid
.

The

haploid (base chromosome number) is 20 for nearly every species sampled, but some species have very small chromosomes, making an accurate count difficult.[18] B chromosomes
are common in Bignoniaceae.

ornithophilous (via birds), or chiropterophilous (via bats
).

Taxonomy

The family Bignoniaceae was first

validly published in the botanical literature (as Bignonieae) by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 in his classic work, Genera Plantarum.[19] The type genus for this family is Bignonia, which was validated by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753.[20] The name originated with Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, who named it for his benefactor, Jean-Paul Bignon, in 1694, in his influential Eléments de botanique ou méthode pour connaître les plantes.[21]

Important groundwork for future study of the family was laid down from 1789 to 1837, mostly by Jussieu,

Engler and Prantl's Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. After Schumann's monograph, no taxonomic treatment of the entire family was published until 2004.[7]

As the number of known species gradually increased, a great deal of confusion developed over the delimitation of genera. New genera were frequently erected for species that did not clearly belong to any of the previously described genera. This resulted in a proliferation of monotypic genera.

Gentry reduced the number of genera in 1973, 1976, and 1979.[14] Nevertheless, the revision of 2004 described 104 genera, 38 of them monotypic.[7]

This problem was especially acute in the tribe Bignonieae. In that tribe, many species of uncertain affinity were assigned to a vaguely defined Arrabidaea, turning that genus into a dumping ground of about 100 species.[14]

Since 2004, molecular phylogenetic studies have shown a substantial revision of the genera is necessary. Much work toward this goal can be viewed online,[13] but little of it has yet been published in scientific papers.

A detailed taxonomic history of Bignoniaceae was published in 1980.[10] A summary of this history was published in 1999.[23]

Classification

In the

Thomandersiaceae, Pedaliaceae, Martyniaceae, Schlegeliaceae, Bignoniaceae, Verbenaceae, Acanthaceae, and Lentibulariaceae.[24] This group is described as a polytomy, meaning no two of its members are known to be more closely related to each other than to any of the others.[5] Statistical support for this group remains weak, indicating insufficient data have been applied, or the group is an artifact of some phylogenetic method
.

The composition of Bignoniaceae has been relatively stable and has not varied at all in the 21st century.[25] In the 20th century, the only issues of circumscription were whether Paulowniaceae and Schlegeliaceae should be merged into Bignoniaceae, or accepted as separate families.[6] The Paulowniaceae consist of one to four genera: Paulownia, Shiuyinghua, Wightia, and Brandisia.[12] Whatever their circumscription, Paulowniaceae are now known to be close to Phrymaceae and Orobanchaceae, rather than to Bignoniaceae. The family Schlegeliaceae has been included in Bignoniaceae, as tribe Schlegelieae, as recently as 1980.[10] It is now accepted as a distinct family, but its relationships with several other families remain unresolved.[4]

In molecular phylogenetic analyses, Bignoniaceae has surprisingly weak bootstrap support, given its morphological coherence. The tribe Jacarandeae (Digomphia and Jacaranda) is

synapomorphy.[6]

No subfamilies have been proposed for Bignoniaceae in recent

polyphyletic, consisting of the following groups: Astianthus, Jacarandeae, Argylia, Delostoma, Perianthomega, Catalpeae, Tecomeae sensu stricto, and all of Crescentiina except those genera placed in Crescentieae or Coleeae. All of these groups are monophyletic except Crescentiina pro parte. The whole Crescentiina is monophyletic. Crescentiina is one of a type of name with no definite taxonomic rank.[26] Crescentiina is composed of two strongly supported clades, informally named the Tabebuia alliance and the Paleotropical clade. The tribe Crescentieae is embedded in the Tabebuia alliance and might be expanded to include Spirotecoma.[27] Coleeae sensu Fischer et al. (2004) is polyphyletic because of the inclusion of Kigelia, and it is nested within the Paleotropical clade.[28] Perianthomega has been transferred from Tecomeae sensu stricto to Bignonieae, where it is sister to the remainder of the tribe.[14] Thus, Bignoniaceae can be divided into 10 monophyletic groups
.

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic tree shown below is based on the results of four phylogenetic studies.[6][14][27][28] For all clades, posterior probability is at least 0.95 and bootstrap support is at least 70%, except where indicated otherwise.

Bignoniaceae
 
Jacarandeae
 
 Core Bignoniaceae 
 Tourrettieae 

Argylia

Tecomeae
 63 

Genera

In the last

DNA sequences, published in 2006.[14] Roseodendron and Handroanthus were resurrected from Tabebuia in 2007.[27][29] Mayodendron and Pachyptera have been resurrected.[13]

In 2009, a

classification
.

Astianthus has never been

systematic position
within the family remains obscure. Likewise, the placement of Romeroa in the Tabebuia alliance and the placement of Sphingiphila in Bignonieae are in doubt.

Tecomaria is not included in the list below, and its recognition is controversial. It is

sister to another South African genus, Podranea, but with only weak bootstrap support.[6] Tecomaria has not yet been resurrected or transferred to another genus.[13]

The tribe Bignonieae has been the subject of considerable revision since 2006. Fischer et al. placed 46 genera in this tribe.

sensu lato[14] and Pachyptera was resurrected from Mansoa. Twenty-five of the genera of Fischer have been subsumed into other genera as follows: Gardnerodoxa into Neojobertia; Memora into Adenocalymma; Leucocalantha into Pachyptera; Pseudocatalpa, Paragonia, Periarrabidaea, Spathicalyx, and Ceratophytum into Tanaecium; Arrabidaea and Piriadacus into Fridericia; Clytostoma, Cydista, Macranthisiphon, Mussatia, Phryganocydia, Potamoganos, Roentgenia and Saritaea into Bignonia; also Distictis, Glaziovia, Haplolophium, and Pithecoctenium into Amphilophium. Thus, 23 genera are now recognized in Bignonieae.[13]

Incertae sedis
Tribe
Jacarandeae
    
Tribe Tourrettieae
Genus Argylia
Tribe Tecomeae
Genus Delostoma

Tribe
Bignonieae

Tribe Oroxyleae
Tribe Catalpeae

Crescentiina
group

Tabebuia alliance

Paleotropical clade

Obsolete genera

  • Arrabidaea
  • Ceratophytum
  • Clytostoma
  • Cydista
  • Distictis
  • Gardnerodoxa
  • Glaziovia
  • Haplolophium
  • Leucocalantha
  • Macfadyena
  • Macranthisiphon
  • Melloa
  • Memora
  • Mussatia
  • Parabignonia
  • Paragonia
  • Periarrabidaea
  • Phryganocydia
  • Piriadacus
  • Pithecoctenium
  • Potamoganos
  • Pseudocatalpa
  • Roentgenia
  • Saritaea
  • Spathicalyx

Uses

Many species of Bignoniaceae have some use, either commercially or ethnobotanically, but the most important, by far, are those planted as ornamentals, especially the flowering trees. Jacaranda, Campsis, Pyrostegia, Tabebuia, Catalpa, Roseodendron, Handroanthus and Crescentia all have species of horticultural significance, at least in warm climates.[7][27] Several others, including Tecoma, Podranea, Pandorea, Bignonia and Mansoa are frequently grown as ornamentals, at least in certain areas of the tropics.[8] A great many species are known in cultivation, if only rarely.[9]

trifoliate leaf of Crescentia alata resembles a crucifixion cross, so is sometimes planted in the Philippines as a religious symbol
.

timber
trees.

Paratecoma was once the most important timber tree of the Rio de Janeiro area, but relentless exploitation has brought it to the verge of extinction.[11] Several of the rare species of Bignoniaceae produce excellent wood, but are often not recognized by lumberjacks.[30]

Several uses of plants in Bignoniaceae are known locally.

semilla de jicaro. Onion-scented species of Mansoa and clove-scented species of Tynanthus are used as condiments.[7]

In northern Colombia, shavings of the stems of Dolichandra quadrivalvis are added to bait which is left overnight near the burrows of crabs. The crabs are paralyzed for a few hours after eating the bait and are picked up by crabbers in the morning. The crabs recover before they reach market, and no harm from eating them has been reported.[11]

bees while gathering honey
.

Cybistax antisyphilitica is the source of a blue dye commonly used in Peru. The bark of Sparattosperma leucantha is used in Bolivia to produce a brown dye for staining cotton thread.[11]

Medical claims are innumerable and usually spurious. Gentry describes an especially ludicrous example.[11]

botanists, continues to be a big problem for ethnobotany, and it is especially severe for Bignoniaceae. Voucher specimens are often sterile and fragmentary, making them nearly impossible to identify. False medical claims are often based on mistaken identification.[11]

The bark of several species of Handroanthus is sold in South American markets. Similar-looking bark is often fraudulently passed off as Handroanthus. It is used in various ways to relieve certain

symptoms of certain cancers.[11]
No evidence shows it prevents the disease or slows its progression, as is often claimed.

Adenocalymma flavida has been used to relieve the aching of joints and muscles. A root extract from Martinella is useful in the treatment of conjunctivitis and possibly other conditions of the eye.[32]

References

  1. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<0292:LPEECC>2.3.CO;2
    . Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  2. hdl:10654/18083
  3. ^ "Bignoniaceae". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4
    .
  5. ^ a b Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Bignoniaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below)
  6. ^
    PMID 21622359
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-1-58178-039-0
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5
    (set).
  10. ^
    JSTOR 4393736
    .
  11. ^
    JSTOR 2399809
    .
  12. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4
  13. ^ a b c d e Lúcia G. Lohmann and Carmen U. Ulloa. 2007 onward. Bignoniaceae in iPlants prototype Checklist. (See External links below).
  14. ^
    PMID 21646191
    .
  15. PMID 21613161
    .
  16. ISBN 978-3-7643-1895-6
  17. PMID 10725592
    .
  18. ^ Goldblatt, Peter; Gentry, Alwyn H. (1979). "Cytology of Bignoniaceae". Botaniska Notiser. 132 (4): 475–482.
  19. ^ James L. Reveal. 2008on. "Bignoniaceae" In: A checklist of suprageneric names for extant vascular plants At: Home page of James L. Reveal & C. Rose Broome. (See External links below).
  20. ^ Bignonia In: International Plant Names Index. (see External links below).
  21. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2
    (vol. I).
  22. ^ George Bentham and Joseph D. Hooker. 1876. Genera plantarum :ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita vol. 2 part 2:1026-1053. Reeve & Co. London, England. (See External links below).
  23. ^ Russell E. Spangler and Richard G. Olmstead. 1999. "Phylogenetic Analysis of Bignoniaceae Based on the cpDNA Gene Sequences of rbcL and ndhF". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86(1):33-46. (See External links below).
  24. PMID 21073690
    .
  25. S2CID 44982192
    .
  26. doi:10.5642/aliso.19961502.05
    .
  27. ^
    S2CID 8824926
  28. ^
    S2CID 13203053
    .
  29. S2CID 86256518
  30. ^ a b Record, Samuel J.; Hess, Robert W. (1940). "American timbers of the family Bignoniaceae". Tropical Woods. 63: 9–38.
  31. ISBN 978-0-89281-978-2
    .
  32. PMID 6482483
    .

Sources

  • Alwyn H. Gentry. 1992. "Bignoniaceae: Part II (Tecomeae)". Flora Neotropica Monograph 25(2):1-150. (See External links below).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bignoniaceae.
Wikispecies has information related to Bignoniaceae.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&oldid=1217824652"