Bristol slave trade

In the time of Anglo-Saxon England, Bristol was the principal port for the export of English slaves to Ireland.

Bristol was the leading English port in the

Before the Norman conquest of England in 1066, English slaves were exported to Ireland from a number of ports, including Chester, but Bristol was the main centre, and slaves were brought there from all over the country for export. This trade was brought to an end when William the Conqueror reluctantly agreed to ban the Anglo-Irish slave trade, as a result of a vigorous campaign by Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester, supported by Lanfranc, the Archbishop of Canterbury.^[2]

The Royal African Company, based in the City of London, controlled all trade between the Kingdom of England and Africa from 1672 to 1698.^[3] At this time, only ships owned by members of the Royal African Company could trade with Africa for anything. Slaves were an increasingly important commodity at the time, since the English colonisation of the Caribbean and the Americas in the 17th century had created sugar, rum, tobacco, and cotton plantations, which all needed plentiful cheap labour.^[4]

The

Bristol became one of the biggest centres of the transatlantic slave trade between 1725 and 1740, when it is estimated that profits of 5-20% were made from the trading of black slaves.[8] Between 1730 and 1745, it became the leading English slaving port.^[9]

By the 1730s, an average of 39 slave ships left Bristol each year, and between 1739 and 1748, there were 245 slaving voyages from Bristol (about 37.6% of the whole British trade). In the final years of the British slave trade, Bristol's share of it decreased to 62 voyages, or 3.3% of the trade in Great Britain – in comparison, Liverpool's share increased to 62% (1,605 voyages).^[10]

In 1750 alone, Bristol ships transported approximately 8,000 of the 20,000 enslaved Africans sent that year to the

An estimated 2,108 slaving ventures departed from Bristol between 1698 and 1807. The average number of enslaved people on a ship was considered to be in excess of 250. It is therefore estimated that merchants in Bristol were responsible for more than 500,000 enslaved African people being shipped to the Caribbean and North America.^[11][8]

The triangular trade was a route taken by slave merchants between England, Northwest Africa and the Caribbean during the years 1697 to 1807.

The slave trade significantly influenced the growth of racist theory as a method for society to justify itself.^[4] Stories of slave rebellions, runaways and attacks on plantation owners in the colonies were printed in the British press to perpetuate the myth that Black people were unreasonable and violent.

Street names such as Guinea Street, Jamaica Street, Codrington Place,

The Georgian House in Bristol was built for John Pinney (1740–1818) who owned several sugar plantations in the West Indies. From 1762 to 1783, Pinney lived on the island of Nevis, running his plantations, but in 1783 he returned to England and settled in Bristol. When Pinney moved to Bristol, he brought two black attendants with him, Fanny Coker and Pero Jones, both of whom he had bought in 1765. Pero was twelve years old when bought along with his two sisters, Nancy and Sheeba, then six years old.^[16] There is related original documentation held by the University of Bristol library, for example, the record of when Pinney bought Pero and his two sisters ^[17] and proof of their age when bought.^[18] Pero's sisters Nancy and Sheeba were left behind to work on the Montravers plantation in Nevis. Pero died in 1798, aged 45 in Ashton, Bristol. Built in his memory, Pero's Bridge, a footbridge across the River Frome in the docks of Bristol, was opened in 1999.^[19]

Several Bristol banks, such as the Bristol Old Bank, were founded by prominent slave traders and merchants, such as Isaac Elton.^{[20][self-published source?][21][22]} They have amalgamated and changed names many times before becoming part of other institutions, notably NatWest.^[23]

Residents in Bristol could financially benefit from the slave trade in a myriad of ways. This was primarily from investing in the slave voyages, which were sometimes funded by as many as eight investors. They also benefited from industries which facilitated the slave trade, for example, employment in the production of goods that were exported to the plantations and to Africa, employment in the ships which carried enslaved Africans and local goods and, from the handling and further refinement of cargoes received from the plantations. It is estimated that by the late 1780s, Bristol earned £525,000 per year from all of these slave-related commercial activities. Since this was past the peak of Bristol's participation in the slave trade, it is likely that Bristol's earnings from the commercialisation of enslaved Africans and related activities were much higher in the earlier 18th century.^[14]

Whilst the Bristol economy benefited, it was primarily the merchants that owned the ships who made significant material gains in their personal family wealth. The merchants were organised as a group in the Merchant Venturers Society. Given their status with holding leadership positions in Bristol, the Society was able to successfully oppose movements to abolish the slave trade in the late 1700s in order to maintain their power and source of wealth. The slave trade in the British Empire was abolished in 1807 however the institution itself was not outlawed until 1834.^[4] Following the Slave Compensation Act 1837, which compensated slave owners for the loss of what was considered their property, according to the Bristol Museums, plantation owners based in Bristol claimed over £500,000, equivalent to £2bn in 2020.^[24]

The folk duo Show of Hands have written and performed a song entitled "The Bristol Slaver" covering the subject.

M Shed in Bristol explore Bristol's involvement in the transatlantic slave trade in their "Bristol People" gallery. It features a section on the legacies of the slave trade on some of Bristol's public institutions. It features the antislavery movement as the beginning of a display on modern public protests including the Bristol Bus Boycott, treating the abolition campaign as the start of a British tradition of society campaigning.^[25] M Shed held a workshop on Bristol and the Transatlantic slave trade from September 2019 to July 2020.^[26] This workshop encouraged students to investigate historic objects, modern attitudes and opinions and to consider how Bristol was changed by its involvement in the slave trade. M Shed also held a workshop in February 2020 on "Slavery, public history and the British country house", outlining the historic links to slavery of many country houses in the south west of England.^[27]

• Dinah Black
• John Pinney
• Slave Coast
• Lancaster slave trade
• Role of Nantes in the slave trade