Anti-Slavery International
Abbreviation | Anti-Slavery |
---|---|
Founded | 1839 |
Purpose | Anti-slavery |
Headquarters | London, SW9 United Kingdom |
Region served | International |
Director | Jasmine O'Connor |
Website | www |
Anti-Slavery International, founded as the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society in 1839,
In 1909, the society merged with the Aborigines' Protection Society to form the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society,[2] whose prominent member was Kathleen Simon, Viscountess Simon. It became the Anti-Slavery Society in July 1947,[5] and from 1956 to 1990 it was named the Anti-Slavery Society for the Protection of Human Rights. In 1990 it was renamed Anti-Slavery International for the Protection of Human Rights, and in 1995 relaunched as Anti-Slavery International.[6]
It owes its origins to the radical element of an older organisation also commonly referred to as the "Anti-Slavery Society", the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions, which had substantially achieved abolition of slavery in the British Empire by August 1838.[1]
The new British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society was created to campaign against the practice of slavery in other countries.
Part of a series on |
Slavery |
---|
History
Background
The
The
19th-century
With abolition of slavery throughout the British dominions achieved, British abolitionists in the Agency Committee of the Anti-Slavery Society considered that a successor organisation was needed to tackle slavery worldwide. Largely under the guidance of English activist
in other countries. It became widely known as the Anti-Slavery Society, as had the earlier society.The first secretary was
In the 1850s, under Louis Chamerovzow, the society helped John Brown write and publish his autobiography a decade before the American Civil War ended slavery in the United States.
The second secretary of the Anti-Slavery Society, appointed under the honorary secretaries Joseph Cooper and Edmund Sturge, was the Rev. Aaron Buzacott (1829–81), the son of a South Seas missionary also named Aaron Buzacott. With American slavery abolished in 1865, Buzacott worked closely with Joseph Cooper in researching and publishing work designed to help abolish slavery in elsewhere, particularly in the Middle East, Turkey and Africa.
20th century
At the beginning of the 20th century Anti-Slavery Society campaigned against slavery practices perpetrated in the Congo Free State by King Leopold II of Belgium. It was the first campaign in history that used photography to document the abuses (photographs were taken by the missionary Alice Seeley Harris). The campaign eventually helped bring an end to Leopold's tyranny.[citation needed]
In 1909, the society merged with the Aborigines' Protection Society[12] to form the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society. Kathleen Simon, Viscountess Simon was a prominent member and stalwart of the society.[13][14][15]
In the 1920s, the Society helped end the indentured labour system in the British colonies after campaigning against the use of Indian and Chinese "coolies". In 1921 Played a pivotal role in ending the activities of the Peruvian Amazon Company, which was using indigenous slave labour in rubber production. The organisation also successfully lobbied for the League of Nations inquiry into slavery, which resulted in the 1926 Slavery Convention that obliged all ratifying states to end slavery.[citation needed] It also heavily influenced the content of the 1956 UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery. In 1944, a Journalist James Ewing Ritchie issued a paper to the society on sugar trade and slavery.[10]
Between 1945 and 1962, the Anti-Slavery Society actively fought to end the ongoing Red Sea slave trade and the slavery in the Arabian Peninsula, and built allies across the world and in the United states to achieve its goal until slavery in Saudi Arabia was finally abolished in 1962. [16]
The Anti Slavery Society actively campaigned against the slavery and slave trade in the Arabian Peninsula from the conclusion of World War II until the 1970s, and particularly publicized Saudi Arabia's central role in 20th-century
The US
When President Kennedy took office, the issue of slavery within the US ally Saudi Arabia had caused growing domestic and international attention and caused damage to the Kennedy administration's liberal world-order rhetoric and the US-Saudi partnership, and Kennedy pressed Saudi leaders to "modernize and reform" if they wished US military assistance during the
The Kennedy administration also experienced international pressure from influential secular Middle East regional leaders like Gamal Abdul Nasser, as well as from the newly decolonization African states, whose own citizens were the most common victims of the slave trade to the Arabian Peninsula,[23] and whose good will was necessary Kennedy's anti Soviet New Frontier agenda in the Global South.[24] The Kennedy administration therefore put pressure on Saudi Arabia to introduce "modernization reforms", a request which was heavily directed against slavery.[25]
In November 1962,
From 1947 to 1956, it was called the Anti-Slavery Society, and from 1956 to 1990 the Anti-Slavery Society for the Protection of Human Rights. In 1990, it was renamed Anti-Slavery International for the Protection of Human Rights, and in 1995 Anti-Slavery International.[6]
Anti-Slavery International was one of the original supporters of the "End Child Prostitution, Pornography and Trafficking" campaign (
21st century: Modern-day slavery
In the 21st century, it worked with Nepalese NGO INSEC to secure Government backing to abolish the
In the UK, it successfully lobbied to make trafficking of sexual and labour exploitation a criminal offence in 2004.[citation needed]
In 2008, it was amongst groups that supported a former slave, Hadijatou Mani, in obtaining the verdict of the
In June 2010, following the campaign by Anti-Slavery International and Liberty the UK Parliament introduced a criminal offence of forced labour in the Coroners and Justice Act 2009.[citation needed] In 2010 the organisation also exposed the routine use of the forced labour of girls and young women in the manufacture of garments in Southern India for Western high streets, prompting, eventually, business and international civil society efforts to end the practice.
Anti-Slavery lobbied the UK government to sign up to an EU anti-trafficking law to protect the victims and secure justice for people who have been trafficked (2011). It also played a big part in lobbying the International Labour Organization to adopt a Convention on Decent Work for Domestic Workers in June 2011.[citation needed]
In 2021, Anti-Slavery International has pressured businesses and governments to address conditions in the Xinjiang cotton industry.[27]
Human trafficking
Human trafficking is the illegal transportation of kidnapped people, including children, across international borders in order to put them into slavery at the destination. This form of modern slavery is one of the most common and may affect the most people: it is estimated that between 500,000 and 800,000 victims enter the trade each year.
The International Labour Organization[28] estimates that, by their definitions, over 40 million people are in some form of slavery today. 24.9 million people are in forced labor, of whom 16 million people are exploited in the private sector such as domestic work, construction or agriculture; 4.8 million persons in forced sexual exploitation, and 4 million persons in forced labour imposed by state authorities. 15.4 million people are in forced marriage.
Anti-Slavery International points to the lack of enforcement of existing laws as a barrier to stopping human trafficking. Discrimination on the basis of social status, religion, ethnicity, gender and immigration status operate as additional barriers.[29] The organization joined more than 180 other groups in a campaign to pressure retailers such as Nike, Apple and Gap to stop using forced labour of Uighurs in their factories located in China.[30]
Overview
Anti-Slavery International is the world's oldest international human rights organisation, and bases its work on the United Nations treaties against slavery. It has consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council and observer status at the International Labour Organization. It is a non-religious, non-political independent organisation. It works closely with partner organisations from around the world to tackle all forms of slavery.
Publications
The society published
The journal merged with the
Anti-Slavery Award
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2023) |
Anti-Slavery International instituted the Anti-Slavery Award in 1991 to draw attention to the continuing problem of slavery in the world today and to provide recognition for long-term, courageous campaigning by organisations or individuals in the countries most affected.
- 1991: Bonded Labour Liberation Front(India)
- 1992: Ricardo Rezende
- 1993: End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism (ECPAT)
- 1994: Edwin Paraison
- 1995: Harry Wu
- 1996: Regional Indigenous Organisation of Atalaya (OIRA)
- 1997: Pureza Lopes Loiola
- 1998: Cheïkh Saad Bouh Kamara
- 1999: Vivek and Vidyullata Pandit
- 2000: George Omona
- 2001: Association for Community Development (ACD)
- 2002: Backward Society Education (BASE)
- 2003: Vera Lesko
- 2004: Timidria
- 2005: Cecilia Flores-Oebanda, (Visayan Forum Foundation)
- 2006: James Aguer Figueira
- 2007: Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW)[34]
- 2009: SOS Esclaves
- 2010: Justice 4 Domestic Workers
- 2012: Temedt, a social movement in Mali
See also
References
- ^ a b Sharman, Anne-Marie, ed. (1993). "Anti-Slavery Reporter". 13 (8). London: Anti-Slavery International.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b "[Search name authorities]: British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society [Authority record]". Library of Congress Authorities. Library of Congress. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Anti-Slavery International, registered charity no. 1049160". Charity Commission for England and Wales.
- ^ Anti-Slavery International UNESCO.
- ^ "[Search name authorities]: Anti-slavery Society (Great Britain) [Authority record – click on Heading IXX)]". Library of Congress Authorities. British Library name authority is Anti-slavery Society; [with] reference from Anti-Slavery Society for the Protection of Human Rights. Library of Congress. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
...name changed from Anti-slavery and Aborigines Protection Society, July 1947
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ ISBN 0-900918-61-6.
- ^ Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840, National Portrait Gallery, London
- ^ About Anti-Slavery International Archived 26 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine antislavery.org
- ^ Patricia Hollis (1974). Pressure from without in early Victorian England. p.39.
- ^ a b Ritchie, James Ewing. 1944. Thoughts on Slavery and Cheap Sugar, a Letter to The Members and Friends of The British And Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.
- ^ "The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840". National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- OCLC 231587915.
- ISBN 978-0691088280. (Chapter 3, Lady Kathleen Simon and Antislavery, pages 103–145)
- ISBN 978-0-520-28430-2. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Our history". Anti-Slavery International. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ DeAntonis, Nicholas J, "Emancipating "The Unfortunates": The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade" (2021). ETD Collection for Fordham University. AAI28499257. https://research.library.fordham.edu/dissertations/AAI28499257
- ^ Emancipating "The Unfortunates": The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade. DeAntonis, Nicholas J. Fordham University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2021. 28499257. p. 3
- ^ Emancipating "The Unfortunates": The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade. DeAntonis, Nicholas J. Fordham University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2021. 28499257. p. 3
- ^ Emancipating "The Unfortunates": The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade. DeAntonis, Nicholas J. Fordham University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2021. 28499257. p. 3-4
- ^ Emancipating "The Unfortunates": The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade. DeAntonis, Nicholas J. Fordham University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2021. 28499257. p. 4-5
- ^ DeAntonis, Nicholas J. (2021). Emancipating “The Unfortunates”: The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade (PhD thesis). Fordham University.
- ^ Emancipating "The Unfortunates": The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade. DeAntonis, Nicholas J. Fordham University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2021. 28499257. p. 4-5
- ^ Emancipating "The Unfortunates": The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade. DeAntonis, Nicholas J. Fordham University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2021. 28499257. p. 4-5
- ^ Emancipating "The Unfortunates": The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade. DeAntonis, Nicholas J. Fordham University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2021. 28499257. p. 17
- ^ Emancipating "The Unfortunates": The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade. DeAntonis, Nicholas J. Fordham University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2021. 28499257. p. 17
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ SUTHERLAND, EMILY (2 March 2021). "Are you selling China's slave cotton?". www.drapersonline.com. Drapers. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
- ^ Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage, International Labour Organization, 19 September 2017
- ^ Darnell, Christie (29 July 2020). "Will coronavirus thwart global efforts to end human trafficking?". Reuters. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
- ^ "Apple and Nike urged to cut 'China Uighur ties'". BBC News. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
- ^ "[Search name authorities]: "Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions"". Library of Congress Authorities. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (Click on the link labelled "Heading (1XX)" for further detail)
- ^ a b "The Anti-slavery reporter / under the sanction of the British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society [1846–1909] [Catalogue entry]". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
New ser., vols. 3–8 (1855–1860) include the 16th–21st annual reports of the British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society. The 22nd–24th annual reports are appended to v. 9-11 (1861–1863)...Volume title pages for 1846–1852 read: The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter.
- ^ "British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society [Authority record]". Library of Congress Authorities. Library of Congress. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ "Awards winners". antislavery.org. Anti-Slavery International. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009.
- Anti-Slavery International. Anti-Slavery International and Adam Matthew Publications. 2001.
Further reading
- "(Circular.) British and foreign anti-slavery society for the abolition of slavery and the slave-trade throughout the world. 27 New Broad Street, London, June 13, 1842". 13 June 1842. pp. 1–2 – via The Library of Congress. – Downloadable pamphlet.
- Heartfield, James (January 2017). The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 1838–1956: A History. [Abstract and list of contents available]. ISBN 9780190491673.
- Oldfield, John (17 February 2011). "History British History in depth: British Anti-slavery". History. BBC. – Covers earlier and later Anti-slavery societies.
External links
- Anti-Slavery International
- "Anti-Slavery Society Convention 1840 [Portrait notes]". National Portrait Gallery (London). Archived from the originalon 30 September 2007. – Includes long list of subjects of the portrait, with links to each.