Cranberry juice
Nutritional value per 248 g (1 cup) | |
---|---|
Energy | 449 kJ (107 kcal) |
26.2 | |
Sugars | 23.5 |
Dietary fiber | 0.2 |
0.29 | |
Saturated | 0.005 |
Monounsaturated | 0.005 |
Polyunsaturated | 0.005 |
0.65 | |
Niacin (B3) | 1% 0.226 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 3% 0.043 mg |
Folate (B9) | 11% 43.2 μg |
Vitamin B12 | 0% 0 μg |
Choline | 1% 4.3 mg |
Vitamin C | 84% 75.6 mg |
Vitamin D | 0% 0 μg |
Vitamin D | 0% 0.0 IU |
Vitamin E | 0% 0.02 mg |
Vitamin K | 0% 0 μg |
Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
Calcium | 4% 46 mg |
Iron | 1% 0.19 mg |
Magnesium | 3% 12 mg |
Manganese | 7% 0.16 mg |
Phosphorus | 2% 19 mg |
Potassium | 6% 182 mg |
Selenium | 0% 0.24 μg |
Sodium | 1% 14 mg |
Zinc | 1% 0.12 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 213 |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[1] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[2] |
Cranberry juice is the liquid juice of the cranberry – a fruit recognized for its bright red color, tart taste, and versatility for product manufacturing. Major cranberry products include cranberry juice, dried cranberry, cranberry sauce, frozen cranberry, cranberry powder, and dietary supplements containing cranberry extracts.[3][4]
The term "cranberry juice
Despite a long-held reputation for providing
Nutrition and composition
Cranberry juice is 86% water, 11%
One half
Effect on health
Cranberry juice is an
Cranberry juice and urinary tract infection
In 2008, there was tentative evidence that long-term use of cranberry juice might help prevent symptomatic
One systematic review in 2017 showed that cranberry products significantly reduced the incidence of UTIs, indicating that cranberry products may be effective particularly for individuals with recurrent infections.[10] When the quality of meta-analyses on the efficacy of cranberry products for preventing or treating UTIs was examined, large variation was evident, resulting from inconsistencies in clinical research methods.[11] A further systematic review published in 2023 concluded there is evidence that consuming cranberry products is effective for reducing the risk of UTIs in women with recurrent UTIs, in children, and in people susceptible to UTIs following clinical interventions; in this same review, there was little evidence of effect in elderly people, those with urination disorders, or pregnant women.[12]
In September 2017,
In October 2018, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's recommendation for self-care for lower UTIs in people aged 16 and over states that "no evidence was found on cranberry products or urine alkalinising agents to treat lower UTI".[16]
Dental health
Cranberry juice has a level of acidity (pH 2.6) that may erode tooth enamel.[9][17]
Manufacturing and processing
Manufacturing
Cranberries are a kind of tart red berry produced by various plant species, but it is the large-fruited, or "American cranberry" (Vaccinium macrocarpon), that is farmed for commercial production.[18] Currently, the main cranberry farming Canadian provinces are British Columbia, Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.[18] However, the lower temperatures present in the Eastern provinces require the use of irrigation and flooding to prevent frost damage and moisture loss.[19] Wet harvesting is the common harvesting method used for cranberries that are to become cranberry juice.[20] A paddled machine called a water reel harvester is used to separate the ripe cranberries from the vines, then collected through a large suction pipe and transported by truck to a processing plant. At the processing plant, the cranberries go through a sequence of fruit crushing, mash maceration, mash heating, juice pressing, and pasteurization to produce a cranberry concentrate that is separated from pulp.[21][22] To prepare a cranberry juice/cocktail product, cranberry juice concentrate is reconstituted with varying amounts of water, specified by the solicitation, contract, or purchase order.[20]
Sterilization
Traditionally, cranberry juice is commercially
Improved sterilization
In 2017, new methods of cranberry juice processing included
Tartness
Naturally, cranberries are low in sugar content and have a tart taste.[30] As a result, unsweetened cranberry juice is generally considered unpalatable by consumers.[30] To make the juice more palatable to consumers, the tart flavor can be made less acidic by blending with other fruit juices or the addition of sugar or sugar substitutes.[30]
The tartness of cranberry juice derives from its mixed content of polyphenols, including flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and ellagitannins.[31]
Packaging
All cranberry juice products are required to be packed in aseptic, hermetically seal containers (plastic bottles, cans, cartons) in accordance with good manufacturing practices of their country.[32][33] The typical container size used are 11.5 or 64 fluid ounce[clarification needed], and each must be filled with the product by at least 90 percent.[33] Cranberry juice products should also not be packaged more than 90 days prior to their delivery, unless specified in the order.[32] Ocean Spray and Fruit d'Or cranberry juice products have a frozen shelf life of 24 months and 36 months, respectively.[34][35]
Regulations
Labeling
In 2020, the US
Cranberry juice container labels have the following information printed: product name and code, nutrition facts table, lot/drum number, date of packaging, brix, acidity, net weight, manufacturer name, manufacturer address and country of origin.[34][35] According to Canada's composition claims, a "no preservatives" claim can be added to cranberry juice products if it only contains naturally-occurring constituents that provide a preservative function such as benzoates.[37]
United States
For many US markets, cranberry juice from concentrate is a blended mixture of cranberry juice or cranberry juice concentrate, water, sweeteners, and vitamin C (as ascorbic acid).[38][39] The cranberry juice or concentrate in the mixture must be produced from clean, sound, mature, well-colored, and washed, fresh or frozen cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon).[38][39] One or more of the following sweetening ingredients may be added: sucrose, liquid sugar, invert sugar syrup, or high-fructose corn syrup (40% or greater).[38][39] The use of food additives (color, flavours, or acids) into cranberry juice depends on the percentage of cranberry juice or concentrate by volume.[38] Cranberry juice mixtures with 25% or 27% contain none of the mentioned additives, except for ascorbic acid. Cranberry juice mixtures with 22% contain no added color or flavors, but citric acid may be added. Cranberry juice mixtures with 20% may contain color, flavors, and citric acid.[38] The finished cranberry juice from concentrate product should yield a minimum of one part cranberry juice concentrate to three parts water with a minimum brix level of 12°.[38][39] Additionally, each cranberry juice product should be fortified with vitamin C, with each serving size delivering not less than 100% of the current US Reference Daily Intake.[38][39] The minimum titratable acidity of the cranberry juice product must be 1.67% wt/wt, measured as citric acid.[39]
Canada
For Canadian markets, cranberry juice is regulated as a processed product under fruit juices.
In Canada, cranberries are graded into two categories: Canada No. 1 and Canada Domestic. The cranberries of Canada No. 1 grade are required to be fairly clean; be uniform in size; and free from any damage and/or defect that affects the appearance, edibility, or shipment quality.[43] The cranberries of Canada Domestic grade are required to be reasonably clean; and be free from any damage and/or defect that seriously affects the appearance, edibility, or shipment quality.[43] Furthermore, all grades must be properly packaged; be sound; have a minimum surface area of 65% coloured red; and be free of insects and insect larvae.[43]
Interaction with blood thinners
Cranberry juice may interfere with
Market
Commercially cultivated in the United States and Canada, cranberries are harvested in the autumn for manufacturing of juice and other products.[47][48] A barrel of US cranberries weighing 100 pounds (45 kg) cost US$57.60 in 2017, but the price fell to $22.30 per barrel in 2019 due to international trade wars with the United States, causing the market to shift to more purchases from Canada.[49]
Including cranberries used for juice production, Americans consume some 400 million pounds (180 million kg) of cranberries per year.[47] About 95% of the annual US cranberry harvest is used to make juice or juice blends.[47] Wisconsin was the leading producer of cranberries in the United States in 2017.[47] Cranberries and juice concentrate exported from the United States were the objects of imposed tariffs during trade wars with the European Union, China, Mexico, and Canada over the period 2017–19.[49][50]
See also
References
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- )
- ^ a b c "Cranberry". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ a b c "Cranberry". Drugs.com. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
- ^ PMID 23076891. CD001321.
- ^ . 3657.
- ^ "Cranberry juice blend, 100% juice, bottled, with added vitamin C and calcium". FoodData Central, US Department of Agriculture. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ "Cranberry juice concentrate, sweetened, canned" (PDF). Household USDA Food Facts. 1 May 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ PMID 26653863. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
- S2CID 206632675.
- PMID 27184277.
- PMID 37068952.
- ^ "Regulations.gov". www.regulations.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
- ^ Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied. "Labeling & Nutrition - Questions and Answers on Health Claims in Food Labeling". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
- ^ "Policy Related to Cranberry Products with Added Flavorings: Guidance for Industry (see "download the guidance")". US Food and Drug Administration. 19 August 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ^ "NICE guideline [NG109]: Urinary tract infection (lower): antimicrobial prescribing". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. October 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
- PMID 17031352.
- ^ a b Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "Cranberry". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
- ^ "Crop Profile for Cranberry in Canada" (PDF). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ a b "Commercial Item Description: Cranberry Juice Cocktail" (PDF). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-04. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- .
- ISBN 9781118352533.
- ^ ISBN 9781420049077.
- ^ "Ocean Spray Quality Operating Guidelines" (PDF). Ocean Spray. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ "Cranberry Juice Product Description" (PDF). Fruit d'Or. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ a b Canada, Health (2015-04-20). "Novel Food Information - High Pressure Processing (HPP)-Treated Raw Fruit Juices - Canada.ca". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ "Putting the squeeze on fruit with "pascalization" boosts healthful antioxidant levels - American Chemical Society". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ Min, Seacheol. "Extending Shelf Life of Juice Products by Pulsed Electric Fields". Ohio State University Dissertations. Archived from the original on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ISBN 9780387311227.
- ^ a b c "Ocean Spray to FDA: Cranberry Juice Tastes Bad Without Sugar | BDCWire". BDCWire. 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- PMID 24228191.
- ^ a b "Commercial Item Description: Cranberry Juice Cocktail" (PDF). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-04. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ a b "Commodity Specification: Bottled Juices" (PDF). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ a b "Ocean Spray Quality Operating Guidelines" (PDF). Ocean Spray. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ a b "Cranberry Juice Product Description" (PDF). Fruit d'Or. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ a b "FDA Announces Qualified Health Claim for Certain Cranberry Products and Urinary Tract Infections". US Food and Drug Administration. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
- ^ Agency, Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection (2014-01-29). "Composition and Quality Claims". www.inspection.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g "Commercial Item Description: Cranberry Juice Cocktail" (PDF). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-04. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ a b c d e f "Commodity Specification: Bottled Juices" (PDF). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- ^ a b Branch, Legislative Services. "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Processed Products Regulations". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
- ^ Branch, Legislative Services. "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Processed Products Regulations". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
- ^ Directorate, Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Food Labelling and Claims (2012-09-20). "Juice and Juice Products". www.inspection.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Directorate, Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Domestic Food Safety Systems and Meat Hygiene. "Canadian Grade CompendiumVolume 2 - Fresh Fruit or Vegetables". www.inspection.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-07-25. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - S2CID 28468365. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ^ British National Formulary (66 ed.). London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press. 2014. p. 889.
- ^ "Coumadin Tablets (Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP) Crystalline Coumadin for Injection (Warfarin Sodium for Injection, USP)" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Cranberries". Agriculture Marketing Resource Center, US Department of Agriculture and Iowa State University. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ "Canadian cranberries". Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ a b Adrian Ma (6 October 2019). "How The Trade War Crushed A Growing Chinese Market For U.S. Cranberries". US National Public Radio. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ Tom Karst (22 June 2018). "EU tariffs begin for cranberry juice concentrate". The Packer. Retrieved 10 October 2019.