December 1980

December 9, 1980 (Tuesday)

• Hopes that Poland might become an oil-producing nation were put to an end by the explosion of an oil exploration rig in the village of Krzywoploty, near the town of Karlino.^[40] After geologists had discovered oil deposits near the Baltic Sea, in the late 1970s, drilling began to determine whether Poland would have a new resource that would rescue its distressed economy. As the drilling at the "Daszewo-1" site reached a depth of 2,782 metres (9,127 ft), a gusher of oil and natural gas erupted and then caught fire and then took firefighting crews more than a month to extinguish. The oil pool beneath the Karlino fields was much less than expected and about two-thirds of it had been destroyed by fire. Eventually, the well yielded only 850 tons of oil, less than 6,000 barrels.^[41]
• Born: Simon Helberg, American comedian and TV actor best known for The Big Bang Theory; in Los Angeles

December 10, 1980 (Wednesday)

• The first parliamentary elections since 1962 in Uganda concluded after two days of voting (on Tuesday and Wednesday) for the 126 seats of the Bunge la Uganda, the unicameral legislature.^[42] Although the Chama cha Kidemokrasia (Democratic Party) received slightly more votes than President Milton Obote's Uganda People's Congress party, the UPC won 75 seats and Kidemokrasia won 50. Obote won a second term as president in the same election, in that whichever party had the majority in Parliament had the authority to decide the president.^[43]
• U.S. Representative
  John W. Jenrette, Jr. (D-S.C.) resigned from Congress after the special Ethics Committee of the House of Representatives opened its investigation in advance of a vote on expulsion. Jenrette, who had lost his bid for re-election after being convicted of bribery and conspiracy following the Abscam investigation, had only 24 days remaining in his term and departed before the House could take a vote on his removal.^[44]

• The U.S.
  CERCLA (the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act) was signed into law by U.S. President Carter.^[45]
• Kim Dae Jung
  , who remained under a death sentence.
• The U.S. Paperwork Reduction Act was signed into law by President Carter. The law set a goal of reducing the number of pages of required federal forms by 15% by October 1, 1982, with a goal of 25% less by October 1, 1983.^[47]
• Tom Selleck's detective TV series Magnum, P.I., set in Hawaii, made its debut on CBS with a two-hour pilot, to replace the spot vacated by Hawaii Five-O. One critic opined that the series was "a formula cops-and-robbers job that promises little excitement" and added that "the plodding premiere episode of 'Magnum'... looked like it had lain in the sun too long."^[48] Selleck's combination of action and humor carried the show, which ran for eight seasons and 162 episodes.

December 12, 1980 (Friday)

• Czechoslovakian dissident Jaroslav Šabata was released from prison after almost two years, then arrested again a few hours later at his daughter's apartment in Prague, where many of his friends were waiting to welcome him. The Czechoslovakian government charged Šabata with violating the terms of his release by associating with some of his former contacts within the Charter 77 human rights movement.^[49]
• Gene Wilder and Richard Pryor teamed up for one of the most popular films of the year, Stir Crazy, directed by Sidney Poitier.

December 13, 1980 (Saturday)

• El Salvador's Foreign Minister José Napoleón Duarte, one of the four members of the governing junta, was announced as the Central American nation's new president after being selected as the chairman of the junta. Duarte became the first civilian in almost 50 years to serve as president of El Salvador, which had been governed by a series of military officers since the overthrow of Arturo Araujo on December 2, 1931.^[50] A new governing committee of three civilians (Duarte, Antonio Morales, and José Ramón Ávalos) and Salvadoran Army Colonel Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez, was formed after Colonel Arnoldo Majano and the former five member junta resigned. Duarte was sworn in on December 22.^[51]

December 14, 1980 (Sunday)

• Following the example of shipyard workers making an independent labor union, farm workers in Poland organized Rural Solidarity (Rolników Indywidualnych Solidarność), officially Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy Rolników Indywidualnych "Solidarność”, or "Independent Self-Governing Trade Union of Individual Farmers 'Solidarity'"), which would receive government recognition on May 12, 1981.
• Four people were murdered and four others injured by two armed robbers at Bob's Big Boy on La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles, in what is one of the city's most brutal crimes ever.^[52]

December 15, 1980 (Monday)

• The 538 members of the United States Electoral College formally elected the President and Vice President of the United States in accordance with the Constitution.^[53] On November 4, voters in each state had selected between slates of electors pledged to a particular candidate, rather than the candidates themselves, and the electors then met in their respective state capitals. As expected, the final result was had the team of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush winning, 489 to 49, over the incumbent team of Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale.^[54] Reagan, who had 50.7% of the popular vote, had 91% of the electoral votes.
• People's Progressive Party, led by and Guyana's first premier Cheddi Jagan
  won just 10 seats.
• A little more than three weeks after the November 23 earthquake in Italy, the damage from the tremors claimed nine additional lives in Naples.^[56] The "Hotel of the Poor", a nursing home for the elderly, was located in a 400-year-old building that had been built for the rulers of the Kingdom of Naples. Three different sets of inspectors had disagreed about whether to evacuate the crumbling building but had made no decision when one of the wings collapsed, killing eight women residents and a nurse.
• The guilty verdict against Marinus van der Lubbe in the 1933 criminal trial for the Reichstag Fire in Germany was thrown out by a West German court, 47 years after it had been made by a court in Nazi Germany.^[57] Van der Lubbe, a Dutch-born Communist, had been executed in 1934 for arson and high treason, after being arrested inside the ruins of the building. The decision was made despite a lack of more than circumstantial evidence of van der Lubbe's guilt, and without allowing investigators to determine whether other people (including Nazi Party members) had actually set the fire. The decision also reversed a 1967 court decision that had posthumously reduced van der Lubbe's punishment to eight years in prison but had upheld the guilty verdict. Since the end of World War II, Marinus's brother J. M. van der Lubbe had been pursuing a court review through a civil lawsuit. The trial itself had taken place in Leipzig, which was part of East Germany rather than West Germany in 1980.

December 16, 1980 (Tuesday)

• For the first time, the worldwide price of oil reached more than $40 a barrel, as the ministers of the 13 member nations of OPEC (the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) voted a 10% increase to $41.^[58] The OPEC ministers reached the agreement at Denpasar in Indonesia, and permitted the member nations to set a range of prices with a minimum of $32 per barrel.
• Shareholders of the fourth-largest auto producer in the U.S., American Motors Corporation (AMC), voted to give control of the company to French auto producer Renault acquiring majority ownership, in return for Renault providing $200,000,000 in capital to AMC. The vote (based on number of shares owned by shareholder rather than individuals) was 23,692,969 shares in favor and 433,852 against. In two other votes, Renault also was granted stock options that could increase its ownership of the company to 59%, and the number of Renault executives on the AMC Board of Directors was increased from two to five.^[59]

• Died:
  • Kentucky Fried Chicken and then served as its spokesman as "Colonel Sanders
    ".
  • José B. Lingad
    , 66, Philippine politician and opponent of the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos, was shot by an assassin.

• The
  MIRV warheads that could be independently targeted at different locations following launch.^[61]
• Died:
  • Şarık Arıyak, 50, Turkish diplomat who was Turkey's consul to Sydney as part of the Turkish Embassy in Australia.^[62] Ariyak and his bodyguard, Engin Sever, were shot to death as Ariyak was leaving his home to be driven to the Turkish Consulate.
  • General Admiral Oskar Kummetz, 89, an admiral of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine until the end of World War II.

December 18, 1980 (Thursday)

• The hunger strike by seven inmates at Northern Ireland's Maze Prison came to an end after more than seven weeks.^[63] The decision was made by the prisoners near Ulster to end the strike, which began on October 27, after two of the men fasting were judged by physicians to have less than 24 hours to live. One of the strikers, Sean McKenna, was given the last rites by a Roman Catholic priest after going into a coma.
• Israel agreed to pay the United States an additional six million dollars to settle claims arising from its
  USS Liberty. The payment was for the costs for repairing the damage to Liberty and was to be made over three years. In 1968, Israel had paid $3,323,500 on behalf the families of the men killed, and in 1969 it paid another $3,452,275 for the injuries to those who had survived.^[64]
• Otema Allimadi was appointed as Prime Minister of Uganda by President Milton Obote, and would serve until the overthrow of the government on July 27, 1985.^[65]
• Born: Christina Aguilera, American pop music singer; in Staten Island, New York City.

• Died:
  Aleksei N. Kosygin, 76, Premier of Russia from 1964 until 1980, died almost two months after he had retired because of worsening health.^[67]

• The
  Federal Reserve Board and the presidents of five of the 12 Federal Reserve Bank, meeting jointly as the Federal Open Market Committee
  .
• Kazakh SSR
  over almost two years.
• Martin Scorsese's film Raging Bull, starring Robert De Niro as the boxer Jake LaMotta, was released nationwide. Although not a financial success, De Niro won an Academy Award for Best Actor, and the film would later be selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Released on the same day was The Jazz Singer, a remake of the 1927 film of the same name that originated sound in motion pictures, was released, with singer Neil Diamond in the title role made famous by Al Jolson. Although the film itself was a commercial and critical failure, Diamond's recording of the movie soundtrack would become the third best-selling album of the year.
• The
  Socialist Republic of Vietnam adopted a new constitution, its first since North Vietnam's conquest and annexation of South Vietnam
  , to replace the 1959 North Vietnamese constitution.
• New York Air, an airline with flights limited to commuters between Washington, New York and Boston, began operations with non-union employees and inexpensive hourly flights. The airline later expanded to 13 states in the eastern and southern U.S. and was acquired in 1987 by Continental Airlines.
• Born: Jake Gyllenhaal, American film actor; in Los Angeles.
• Died: Chuck Cooper, 73, American professional basketball player and the first African-American to ever be drafted by the National Basketball Association, integrating the league in 1950.

December 20, 1980 (Saturday)

• In what was nicknamed at the time as the "Silent Bowl", the NBC television network tried an unusual experiment in broadcasting a sporting even with no announcers, no play-by-play and no commentary, as it showed a live regular season game between the New York Jets and the Miami Dolphins from Miami.^[70] Neither Miami (8-7-0) nor the Jets (3-12-0) had any chance of making the playoffs when the game was played, and the Jets won, 24 to 17. Although television viewers' reaction was mixed ^[71] media critics derided the experiment, with AP writer Fred Rothenburg commenting that "A football game without announcers, it turns out, is like reading an almanac." ^[72]
• The Trapp Family Lodge, owned by the family made famous in the stage and film musical The Sound of Music, was completely destroyed by fire in Stowe, Vermont. Maria von Trapp and her family had emigrated to Vermont in 1942 after their escape from Austria, which had been annexed in 1938 by Nazi Germany to become the Ostmark.^[73] Maria and 44 other staff and guests fled, but one resident died in the blaze.

December 21, 1980 (Sunday)

• All 70 people aboard an Aeroecésar jet airliner were killed in
  Medellin.^[74][75] An explosion caused the plane to catch fire and it went down into the mountains with 63 passengers and seven crew. The TAC plane had been carrying "a cargo of fireworks",^[76]
  but it was uncertain whether that was the cause of the accident.
• In negotiations to end the
  Iran Hostage Crisis, Iran demanded almost $24,000,000,000 (24 billion dollars) from the United States ^[77] as part of the release of Iranian assets that had been ordered frozen by U.S. President Carter after American Embassy officials were taken hostage. U.S. Secretary of State Edmund Muskie
  rejected the demand, which the U.S. press noted was $460,000,000 for each of the 52 American hostages who had been kept captive since November 4, 1979.
• Residents of the region of Galicia, in northwest Spain, voted in favor of autonomy in a referendum that attracted only 26% of the eligible voters.^[78] Galicia thus became the third region in Spain (after Catalonia and the Basque region) to receive self-government.
• Jean Hilliard, a 19-year old resident of Lengby, Minnesota, survived hypothermia that had lowered her pulse to 12 beats per minute, after more than seven hours collapsed in temperatures of less than −22 °F (−30 °C). After a car accident the night before, she had walked two miles to the house of a friend and fell 15 feet (4.6 m) from his front door, and was frozen solid by the time she was discovered at 7:00 in the morning. Taken to the hospital at Fosston, Hilliard was wrapped in an electric heading pad after her temperature was too low to measure, being below the 88 °F (31 °C) lower limit of the hospital thermometer. She revived, however, and told reporters later, "At worst, I might lose a couple of toes." ^[79]
• Vladimir Voinovich, a dissident Russian writer of satire who "spent nine years in a battle of will with Soviet officialdom" ^[80] left the Soviet Union with his family after being asked by authorities to get out of the country.
• Died: Marc Connelly, 90, American playwright who wrote The Green Pastures in 1930

December 22, 1980 (Monday)

• Francisco Pinto Balsemão was designated as the new Prime Minister of Portugal by Portugal's President Ramalho Eanes.^[81] Pinto Balsemao had been a close associate of the late Prime Minister Sá Carneiro, who had been killed in a plane crash on December 4.

December 23, 1980 (Tuesday)

• Two Pakistani children, a 7-year-old boy and a 13-year-old girl, were killed when they fell from
  L-1011 TriStar landing gear exploded. The blast caused a wheel cover to tear a hole in the cabin floor at an altitude of 29,000 feet (8,800 m).^[83] The jet was flying over the Persian Gulf from Dhahran to Karachi. In the sudden depressurization, the two children were pulled through the one-meter wide hole and out of the airplane and fell to their deaths. The crew of 20 and the remaining 269 passengers landed safely in Qatar. The explosion happened at 2:12 in the morning local time; the accident is listed in some sources as happening on December 22 based on universal time being 2312 UTC.^[84]
• With Soviet government approval, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church began preparations for the 1,000th anniversary of Christianity's introduction to Russia, to take place in 1988. The celebrations would take place on June 5, 1988.
• The U.S.
  Air Defense Command's first seven Joint Surveillance System radar stations went online, replacing the SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) stations that were being phased out. The first seven JSS sites were in Paso Robles, California; Fort Lonesome, Florida; Cross City, Florida; The Plains, Virginia
  ; and three others.
• Panay State Polytechnic College (now Capiz State University) was created at Roxas City in the Philippines by the merger of Mambusao Agricultural and Technical College and Capiz Agricultural and Fishery School.^[85]

December 24, 1980 (Wednesday)

• discount department store chain, closed the last of its stores. At its height, Korvettes had 50 stores in New York City and other U.S. metropolitan areas, after opening its first outlet in 1948 with prices much lower than any of its competitors. By the end of 1980, it had declined to 17 stores.^[86]

• Died: Grand Admiral
  surrender
  to the Allies.

December 25, 1980 (Thursday)

• In the traditional holiday blessing given every Christmas by the head of the Roman Catholic Church, Pope John Paul II spoke from the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, delivering the "Urbi et Orbi" ("To the City and the World") to more than 100,000 people in St. Peter's Square and to millions of television viewers in 31 countries. After delivering the blessing, John Paul then wished the world a merry Christmas in Latin and then in 41 modern languages, the most ever used for the occasion.^[88] In 1979, he had used 34 languages.
• papal nuncio to Iran and Iranian Protestant Christian clergymen.^[89][90][91]
  The hostages would remain captive until their release on January 20, 1981.

• The Soviet
  Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan). With four wing-mounted engines and a capacity to carry 350 passengers, the Il-86 had the unusual feature of passengers boarding and exiting on stairs through the belly of the plane.^[93] The initial flight was carried out only five days before a deadline of December 31 that had been set by the 25th Communist Party Congress.^[94] Most of the aircraft were manufactured for the Soviet flag carrier airline Aeroflot
  and its successors. The Il-86 proved to be a safe and reliable airplane, with no passenger fatalities in three decades of operation.
• Died:
  • Sacramento, California
    in January 1978, committed suicide by an overdose of prescription medicine while on death row at San Quentin State Prison.
  • Peck Kelley, 82, American jazz pianist

December 27, 1980 (Saturday)

• The U.S. Postal Service issued the first of its
  Justin Morrill
  .
• Canadian ice hockey defenseman Mark Howe of the Hartford Whalers was hospitalized after sustaining "a deep puncture wound in the rectal area" caused by "a pointed metal projection at the base of the Hartford net" ^[97] after sliding into the back part of the goal during a game against the visiting New York Islanders. At the time, the National Hockey League goals had a frame that was fastened onto a spike 6 inches (150 mm) in length. Howe was cross-checked by an Islanders player, skidded into the goal post and as the frame was knocked loose, he was impaled by the bayonet-like spike. Suffering a deep internal puncture wound followed by sepsis, Howe required two surgeries and was out for six weeks, missing 17 games, but returned to the ice in February.^[98] The injury led the NHL to redesign its nets to a safer version.^[99]
• Jimmy Carter became the first incumbent U.S. president to sustain an accidental fracture while in office, breaking his collarbone after a fall while cross-country skiing at Camp David.^[100]

December 28, 1980 (Sunday)

• In Italy, a mob of 100 inmates took over the maximum security wing of a prison at
  Trani and took 19 guards hostage.^[101] In the early hours of the next day, the Carabinieri GIS, Italy's special anti-terrorism force, stormed the prison grounds with helicopters and saved 18 of the 19 hostages and ended the inmates' revolt.^[102] In retaliation, a group calling itself the Communist Fighting Unit shot and killed the GIS deputy commander, General Enrico Calvaligi, on December 31.^[103]
• On the first anniversary of the
  Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, thousands of Afghans in Tehran stormed the Soviet Embassy and shouted anti-Soviet slogans. Afghans in Washington D.C., New Delhi, Bonn and Frankfurt also demonstrated, burning pictures of Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev and Afghan general secretary Babrak Karmal.^[104]

• U.S. Representative Frank Thompson (D-New Jersey), one of the defendants convicted from the FBI's Abscam investigation for accepting a $50,000 bribe, resigned five days before the scheduled expiration of his term.^[105] Thompson, who had continually won re-election after 1954, had lost by a landslide in November in his bid for a 14th term. On December 3, he was convicted by a jury; after retirement from Congress, he received a pension of more than $4,000 per month for the rest of his life at an estimated $48,530 per year.^[106]
• Died: Tim Hardin, 39, American songwriter known for "If I Were a Carpenter", died of a heroin overdose

December 30, 1980 (Tuesday)

• A hiker discovered the body of 19-year-old Peter Leonard Robertson of San Diego, California, who had fallen 200–250 feet (61–76 m) to his death while hiking at Pima Point at the Grand Canyon on November 3, 1978.^[107]
• The
  Lithuanian SSR after six and a half years of construction by the Soviet government.^[108]

• In Kenya, twenty people were killed and 87 injured at a historic hotel in Nairobi, The Norfolk.^[109] Most of the dead were foreign tourists who had been eating dinner in advance of New Year's Eve celebrations, when a time bomb exploded in a room directly above the dining room.^[110]
• Senegal's first and only president, Leopold S. Senghor, announced his resignation, to take effect on New Year's Day, and passed control of the West African nation to his prime minister, Abdou Diouf.^[111]

• Governor of Connecticut since 1975, resigned at the end of the year after learning that her ovarian cancer was terminal. Grasso, who had become the first woman to be elected governor of a U.S. state without having previously been the wife of another governor, had announced her decision on December 4.^[112] She was succeeded by her lieutenant governor, William A. O'Neill.^[113]
  Grasso died 36 days later, on February 5.
• Born: Mark Dodge, U.S. Army officer who became a rookie college football player for Texas A&M at the age of 25; in Yerington, Nevada
• Died:
  • Marshall McLuhan, 69, Canadian author and communications theorist who profiled the effect of television on society. McLuhan had summed up his findings with the statement "The medium is the message," explaining that the technology of TV was more influential than the content of the information broadcast.
  • spinal cancer.^[114]