Dubuque, Iowa

Coordinates: 42°30′N 90°41′W / 42.50°N 90.69°W / 42.50; -90.69
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Dubuque" redirects here. For other uses, see Dubuque (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with De Beque, Colorado.

Dubuque
City
Downtown Dubuque
Shot Tower
Town Clock
Julien Dubuque Bridge
Fenelon Place Elevator
Eagle Point Park
FIPS code
19-22395
GNIS feature ID0456040
Websitewww.cityofdubuque.org

Dubuque (

Wisconsin Glaciation
, resulting in a hilly topography unlike most of the Midwestern United States.

Dubuque is a regional tourist destination featuring the city's unique architecture, casinos and riverside location. It is home to five institutions of higher education. While Dubuque has historically been a center of manufacturing, the local economy also includes health care, publishing, and financial service sectors.[5]

History

Main article: History of Dubuque, Iowa
An aerial view of the City of Dubuque in 1872 by Alexander Koch.

Spain gained control of the Louisiana Territory west of the Mississippi River following the 1763 defeat of the French; the British took over all territory to the east. The first permanent European settler in what is now Dubuque was Quebecois pioneer Julien Dubuque, who arrived in 1785. In 1788, he received permission from the Spanish government and the local Meskwaki people to mine the area's rich lead deposits. Control of Louisiana and Dubuque's mines shifted briefly back to France in 1800, then to the United States in 1803, following the Louisiana Purchase. The Meskwaki continued to mine with the full support of the U.S. government until 1830 when the Meskwaki were illegally pushed out of the mine region by American prospectors.[6]

The current City of Dubuque was named after Julien Dubuque, who settled at the southern end of a large flat plain adjacent to the Mississippi River. The city was officially chartered in 1833, located in unorganized territory of the United States. The region was designated as the Iowa Territory in 1838 and was included in the newly created State of Iowa in 1846. After the lead resources were exhausted, the city became home to numerous industries. Dubuque became a center for the timber industry because of its proximity to forests in Minnesota and Wisconsin, and was later dominated by various mill working businesses. Also important were boat building, brewing, and later, the railroad industry. In 1874, the Diamond Jo Line moved its company headquarters to Dubuque.[7] Diamond Jo Line established a shipyard at Eagle Point in 1878. Just two years later, the company was the largest employer in Dubuque, putting 78 people to work, 75 of whom worked at the shipyard earning their collective $800–$1,000 per week in wages.[8]

Between 1860 and 1880, Dubuque was one of the 100 largest urban areas in the United States.[9] Iowa's first church was built by Methodists in 1833. Since then, Iowans have followed a variety of religious traditions.[10]

Beginning in the mid-19th century and into the early 20th century, thousands of poor

Archdiocese of Dubuque. Numerous convents, abbeys, and other religious institutions were built. The ethnic German and Irish descendants maintain a strong Catholic presence in the city. Nicholas E. Gonner (1835–1892), a Catholic immigrant from Pfaffenthal in Luxembourg, founded the Catholic Publishing Company of Dubuque, Iowa. His son Nicholas E. Gonner Jr. (1870–1922) took over in 1892, editing two German-language weeklies, an English-language weekly, and the Daily Tribune, the only Catholic daily newspaper ever published in the United States.[11]

Early in the 20th century, Dubuque was one of several sites of a

Dubuque Packers in 1961, recalled that the town was "about 98 percent Catholic" back then. "Dubuque was the epitome of small-town life," John wrote. "The people were friendly, everyone knew everybody else, and there wasn't a thing to do: no excitement, few restaurants or recreation choices, a decaying slum section. So we spent as much time as we could at the ball park. At certain times of the year, the fish flies fester in hordes like a biblical plague."[12]

A series of changes in manufacturing and the onset of the Farm Crisis in the 1980s led to a large decline in the sector and the city's economy as a whole. In the 1990s, the economy diversified rapidly, shifting away from heavy industry.[13] Tourism, technology, and publishing are now among the largest and fastest-growing businesses. Dubuque attracts over 2 million tourists annually.[14] The city has encouraged the development of the America's River Project's tourist attractions in the Port of Dubuque, the expansion of the city's colleges, and the continued growth of shopping centers, such as Kennedy Mall.[citation needed]

Geography

Aerial view of Dubuque and surrounding area

Dubuque is located at 42°30′16″N 90°41′13″W / 42.50444°N 90.68694°W / 42.50444; -90.68694 (42.50, -90.69).[15]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 31.22 square miles (80.86 km2), of which 29.97 square miles (77.62 km2) are land and 1.25 square miles (3.24 km2) are covered by water.[16]

Neighborhoods

Downtown Dubuque is the city's central business district, housing many government and cultural institutions. It serves as the transportation and commercial hub, located along the Mississippi River in east-central Dubuque. Notable neighborhoods include Fenelon Place Residential Historic District, Jackson Park, Old Main Street and the Dubuque Millworking Historic District.[17] The Port of Dubuque features the Grand Harbor Resort, Alliant Energy Amphitheater, and Grand River Center.[18] Historic landmarks like the Shot Tower and the Dubuque County Courthouse reflect the city's regional importance.[19][20]

The North End, settled by German immigrants in the late 19th century, remains a working-class area with factories and key sites including

Mines of Spain State Recreation Area and the Wartburg Theological Seminary
.

The West End, developed after World War II, is a suburban area that grew with the baby boom, featuring shopping centers like Plaza 20 and Kennedy Mall. It includes middle-class neighborhoods, parks, schools, and industrial areas, extending into the suburbs of Asbury and Peosta. Notable sites include the Dubuque Arboretum and Botanical Gardens and Emmaus University.

  • Redstone Bed & Breakfast
    Redstone Bed & Breakfast
  • Old Cable elevator
    Old Cable elevator
  • Mississippi River
    Mississippi River

Climate

Dubuque has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), which gives it four distinct seasons.[22] Spring is usually wet and rainy, summers are sunny and warm, autumn is mild, and winters are typically cloudy and snowy.[22]

Climate data for Dubuque Regional Airport, 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1873–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 63
(17) 		71
(22) 		86
(30) 		93
(34) 		104
(40) 		104
(40) 		110
(43) 		107
(42) 		99
(37) 		90
(32) 		78
(26) 		69
(21) 		110
(43)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 46.0
(7.8) 		50.6
(10.3) 		67.6
(19.8) 		78.8
(26.0) 		85.4
(29.7) 		90.1
(32.3) 		91.0
(32.8) 		89.4
(31.9) 		87.2
(30.7) 		80.2
(26.8) 		64.5
(18.1) 		50.7
(10.4) 		92.5
(33.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 26.5
(−3.1) 		30.9
(−0.6) 		44.1
(6.7) 		57.7
(14.3) 		69.2
(20.7) 		78.5
(25.8) 		81.5
(27.5) 		79.6
(26.4) 		72.9
(22.7) 		59.9
(15.5) 		44.8
(7.1) 		31.8
(−0.1) 		56.4
(13.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 18.8
(−7.3) 		22.9
(−5.1) 		35.2
(1.8) 		47.4
(8.6) 		58.8
(14.9) 		68.5
(20.3) 		71.7
(22.1) 		69.8
(21.0) 		62.3
(16.8) 		49.9
(9.9) 		36.4
(2.4) 		24.5
(−4.2) 		47.2
(8.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 11.1
(−11.6) 		15.0
(−9.4) 		26.3
(−3.2) 		37.2
(2.9) 		48.5
(9.2) 		58.6
(14.8) 		62.0
(16.7) 		60.0
(15.6) 		51.8
(11.0) 		39.9
(4.4) 		28.1
(−2.2) 		17.2
(−8.2) 		38.0
(3.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −12.7
(−24.8) 		−6.0
(−21.1) 		5.5
(−14.7) 		22.4
(−5.3) 		33.4
(0.8) 		45.7
(7.6) 		51.7
(10.9) 		50.0
(10.0) 		37.0
(2.8) 		23.5
(−4.7) 		10.7
(−11.8) 		−4.5
(−20.3) 		−17.0
(−27.2)
Record low °F (°C) −32
(−36) 		−31
(−35) 		−20
(−29) 		10
(−12) 		21
(−6) 		36
(2) 		40
(4) 		40
(4) 		24
(−4) 		10
(−12) 		−17
(−27) 		−25
(−32) 		−32
(−36)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.32
(34) 		1.57
(40) 		2.25
(57) 		4.06
(103) 		4.30
(109) 		5.19
(132) 		4.80
(122) 		3.95
(100) 		3.82
(97) 		2.93
(74) 		2.21
(56) 		1.80
(46) 		38.20
(970)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 10.7
(27) 		10.6
(27) 		5.7
(14) 		1.9
(4.8) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.5
(1.3) 		2.8
(7.1) 		10.3
(26) 		42.5
(108)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 9.1 8.9 10.1 11.4 13.0 12.2 9.7 9.0 8.7 8.9 8.3 9.1 118.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 7.8 6.9 4.2 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 2.4 6.3 29.4
Source:
NOAA[23][24]
Notes
  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
18503,108—    
186013,000+318.3%
187018,434+41.8%
188025,254+37.0%
189030,311+20.0%
190036,297+19.7%
191038,494+6.1%
192039,141+1.7%
193041,679+6.5%
194043,892+5.3%
195049,671+13.2%
196056,606+14.0%
197062,309+10.1%
198062,374+0.1%
199057,538−7.8%
200057,686+0.3%
201057,637−0.1%
202059,667+3.5%
Source: U.S. Decennial Census[25][4]
The population of Dubuque, Iowa from US census data
The population of Dubuque, Iowa from U.S. census data

2020 census

As of the

Non-Hispanic White
.

2010 census

As of the

Latino
people of any race were 2.4% of the population.

There were 23,505 households, of which 27.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.6% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.9% were non-families. 33.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.92.

The median age in the city was 38 years. 21.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 13% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.3% were from 25 to 44; 25.9% were from 45 to 64; and 16.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

2000 census

As of the

Latino
of any race.

There were 22,560 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.6% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.99.

Age spread: 23.6% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $36,785, and the median income for a family was $46,564. Males had a median income of $31,543 versus $22,565 for females. The

poverty line
, including 9.3% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.

Dubuque metropolitan area

Dubuque is the primary city in the Dubuque Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). It is at the junction of four major highways and two major railroads. Its location along the river has formed the city into a regional hub. The Dubuque area is the general area encompassing Dubuque, Iowa. The MSA proper includes the entirety of Dubuque County. The official population of the Dubuque County was 93,653 as of the 2010 population estimates.[29]

Religion

See also: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque
Saint Raphael's Cathedral, the oldest church in Iowa

Since its founding, Dubuque has had, and continues to have, a strong religious tradition. Local

Samuel Mazzuchelli, OP; Clement Smyth; and Mother Mary Frances Clarke, BVM. Catholic parishes around the city include Saint Raphael's, Saint Mary's
,
Saint Joseph the Worker
, Resurrection, Saint Columbkille's, and Saint Anthony's.

Since the 1870s the religious character of the area has been shaped by the Catholic Church. In 2010, Catholic adherents who regularly attended services made up about 53% of Dubuque County residents.[30] This contrasts with Iowa as a whole, which was about 17% Catholic in 2010.[31] In addition to churches, 5 religious colleges, 4 area convents, and a nearby abbey and monastery add to the city's religious importance. Dubuque is also the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque, which directly administers 1/4 of Iowa's territory for the church, and is the head of the Ecclesiastical Province of Dubuque, the entire state of Iowa.

The city proper is home to 52 different churches (11 Catholic, 40

Protestant, 1 Orthodox), 1 Jewish synagogue, and 1 mosque.[32][33] Most of non-Catholic population in the city belongs to various Protestant denominations. Dubuque is home to three theological seminaries: St. Pius X Seminary, a minor (college) seminary for Catholic men discerning a call to ordained priesthood, the University of Dubuque Theological Seminary, with the Presbyterian Church USA, and the Wartburg Theological Seminary, with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
. The latter two institutions train both lay and ordained ministers for placements in churches nationwide.

In 2022 it maintained its strong Catholic presence. Ben Jacobs of The New Republic described it as "one of the most Catholic areas in" the United States.[34]

Economy

The Dubuque Star Brewery building

Dubuque's economy was traditionally centered on manufacturing companies such as John Deere and Flexsteel Industries. While industry still plays a major role in the city, the 2000s saw economic diversification with the city outpacing the state in job growth.[35][36] In 2022, Ben Jacobs of The New Republic wrote "Dubuque has weathered the economic transformations of the late twentieth century comparatively well."[34]

Dubuque's largest employers include:[5]

Other companies with a large presence in the area include Holy Family Catholic Schools, Prudential Financial, Diamond Jo Casino, University of Dubuque, A.Y. McDonald Manufacturing, Dubuque County, Dupaco Community Credit Union, Loras College and DuTrac Community Credit Union.[5]

Arts and culture

Fenelon Place Elevator
Washington Park

Dubuque is culturally part of the Upper Midwest.[34] The National Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium is home to museum exhibits on the culture and history of America's rivers, as well as aquariums featuring wildlife found in the Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico.[37]

The Dubuque Arboretum and Botanical Gardens is a 56 acres (230,000 m2) arboretum and botanical gardens established in 1980.[38][39] Another notable landmark is the Fenelon Place Elevator located in downtown Dubuque. It is a funicular railway that transports passengers up and down one of the city's towering bluffs; the current funicular was built in 1893.[40] Portions of Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin can all be seen from the elevator's observation decks.[41]

The

George L. Rapp, holds the distinction of being a National Historic Landmark.[43] Dubuque's Shot Tower, one of the few remaining of its kind used to produce lead shot, is also recognized as a National Historic Landmark.[44]

The

Willoughby James Edbrooke and completed in 1890, stands as his only surviving opera house, showcasing the Richardsonian Romanesque style. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.[46] The Julien Dubuque Bridge
, another National Historic Landmark, was built in 1943 across the Mississippi River.

Eagle Point Park and the Mines of Spain State Recreation Area. Eagle Point is mostly situated on a bluff that overlooks the Mississippi River and the Lock and Dam No. 11.[47] Mines of Spain includes hiking trails and archaeological sites from an early lead mining venture led by Julien Dubuque, as well as Dubuque's gravesite. Dubuque's waterfront features the Ice Harbor and, just north of it, the Diamond Jo Casino and Grand River Event Center. Linwood Cemetery
is the resting place of many notable figures.

Dubuque is the home of the Colts Drum and Bugle Corps.[48] The Colts are a Drum Corps International World Class ensemble and tour the country each summer to attend competitions. Each summer, the Colts and Dubuque host "Music on the March", a Drum Corps International-sanctioned marching competition at Dubuque Senior High School.

The arts organization Voices Productions spearheaded a project to display large murals by street artists Gaia, Werc, and Gera and others in downtown Dubuque. So far over 30 murals have been painted. The original concept for the project was developed by Sam Mulgrew, Gene Tully and Wendy Rolfe.[49]

Sports

The city is home to the

Central States Hockey League at the Five Flags Center.[50]

Dubuque was home to Union Dubuque F.C., which played in the United Premier Soccer League and Midwest Premier League.[51] The club folded following the 2021 season.[52]

Government

Dubuque County Courthouse

The City of Dubuque operates on the

city council. The city manager, Michael C. Van Milligen, runs the day-to-day operations of the city, and serves as the city's executive
leader.

Dubuque has been using its city-owned Community Broadband Network to become a smart city. In 2014, city government officials created four apps to monitor data related to water use, electricity use, transit patterns, and waste recycling efforts. The City of Dubuque Sustainability Coordinator, Cori Burbach, stated this was "for educating citizens and implementing behavior changes that they control based on the data these applications provide". However, Dubuque has been reaching the limits of its network and lack sufficient services from giant providers.[54]

Policy and financial decisions are made by the city council, which serves as the city's

at-large members. The city council members are: Susan R. Farber[55] (Ward 1), Laura Roussell (Ward 2), Danny Sprank (Ward 3), Katy Wethal (Ward 4), Ric W. Jones (at-large), and David T. Resnick (at-large).[56] The city council meets at 6 P.M. on the first and third Mondays of every month in the council chamber of the Historic Federal Building. The city is divided into 4 electoral wards and 21 precincts, as stated in Chapter 17 of the Dubuque City Code.[57][58]

In the 89th Iowa General Assembly, Dubuque is represented by Senators Pam Jochum (D) for Senate District 29 and Carrie Koelker (R) for Senate District 50 in the Iowa Senate, and Representatives Charles Isenhart (D) for House District 100, Shannon Lundgren (R) for House District 57, and Lindsay James (D) for House District 99 in the Iowa House of Representatives.[59]

At the federal level in the 117th Congress, it is within

U.S. House of Representatives. Dubuque, and all of Iowa are represented by U.S. Senators Chuck Grassley (R) and Joni Ernst (R).[59]

City Council of Dubuque, Iowa
Area Name
Mayor Brad Cavanaugh
At-Large David Resnick
At-Large Ric Jones
First Ward Susan Farber
Second Ward Laura Roussell
Third Ward Danny Sprank
Fourth Ward Katy Wethal

Law Enforcement

Main article: Dubuque Police Department

Political climate

For most of its history, Dubuque has been mostly

Catholics living in the city.[60] At times, Dubuque was called "The State of Dubuque" because the political climate in Dubuque was very different from the rest of Iowa.[61]

However, at the turn of the twentieth century, the United States Congress was led by two Dubuque Republicans. Representative David B. Henderson ascended to Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives in 1899, at the same time Senator William B. Allison served as Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference. Dubuque has experienced a shift toward the Republican party in the 2010s.[62]

Education

University of Dubuque campus

Primary and secondary

Dubuque is served by the

Hempstead High School.[63]

The city has a large number of students who attend private schools. All Catholic schools are run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque. The Archdiocese oversees the Holy Family Catholic Schools, which operates 11 schools in the city, including nine early childhood programs, four elementary schools (one of which is a Spanish immersion program), one middle school, and one high school, Wahlert Catholic High School. As of 2006, Holy Family Catholic Schools enrolled 1,954 students in grades K-12.[64] Dubuque also had one Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod affiliated elementary school, the Dubuque Lutheran School. It closed in 2019.[65]

Higher education

Dubuque is home to several

higher education institutions. Loras College and Clarke University are two four-year colleges operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque. Protestant colleges in the city include the University of Dubuque, which is associated with the Presbyterian Church (USA), and Emmaus University, connected with the Plymouth Brethren
movement.

Three theological seminaries operate in the city: St. Pius X Seminary (Roman Catholic, associated with Loras College), the University of Dubuque Theological Seminary (Presbyterian), and Wartburg Theological Seminary (Lutheran).

Other post-secondary schools in the area include Northeast Iowa Community College, which operates its largest campus in nearby Peosta, Iowa and has a satellite campus in Dubuque; the Roman Catholic Divine Word College missions seminary in nearby Epworth, Iowa; and Capri Cosmetology College in Dubuque.

Media

Print

The

lifestyle magazine
), the Dubuque Advertiser (advertisement paper), and the "Tri-States Sports Look" (local sports publication).

Radio

AM radio stations

  • KDTH 1370 "Voice of the Tri-States", news/talk
  • WDBQ 1490 "News, Talk, & Sports Leader", news/talk/sports

FM radio stations

Television

Dubuque and surrounding areas are in the

A.C. Nielsen Company for audience research data for advertisers. Dubuque formerly had a local TV news station, KFXA/KFXB Fox 28/40. In 2004, that station became an affiliate of CTN
dropping all local programming leaving Dubuque without a local television newsroom. Dubuque is covered by local news bureaus of Cedar Rapids/Waterloo based affiliates.

Infrastructure

Transportation

See also: Dubuque station
Queen of the Mississippi docked at Dubuque

The

Canadian Pacific
serve the city.

Airport

Main article: Dubuque Regional Airport

Dubuque and its region are served by the

Las Vegas, Nevada.[67] Several other airlines, mostly regional carriers, have historically served DBQ including Northwest Airlink, American Eagle
and several smaller regional carriers. DBQ also serves general aviation and cargo traffic for the Dubuque area.

Highways

Dubuque is served by four

Twin Cities (Minnesota) to the north, with 61 connecting to Davenport, and 52 connecting to Bellevue to the south and then Clinton via U.S. Route 67. Highway 151 connects Dubuque with Madison, Wisconsin (via the Dubuque–Wisconsin Bridge) to the northeast and Cedar Rapids to the southwest.[citation needed
]

Iowa State Highway 32) acts as a beltway for parts of the North End and West Side, connecting Highways 3 and 20. Less than two miles (3.2 km) from the junction of the Northwest Arterial and Highway 20, the Southwest Arterial is a 6.1-mile (9.8 km) expressway carrying Highway 52 southeast from Highway 20 to Highways 151 and 61 near Key West and the Dubuque Regional Airport.[69]

Public transit

Main article: The Jule
City of Dubuque Trolley

In Dubuque, public transportation is provided by the city transit division The Jule.[70] The Jule operates multiple bus routes and on-demand paratransit Minibus service throughout the city.[71] The routes are based out of one or more of the three transfer locations and run in 30-minute loops. These loops serve neighborhoods, shopping areas, medical offices, and industrial parks and provide connections to other areas of the city with the 15-minute cross-town Express route. The system's three major transfer stations are Downtown Intermodal (9th & Elm St), Midtown (North Grandview & University Avenues), and the West End (Kennedy Circle/John F. Kennedy Road).[72]

Healthcare

Dubuque is the regional

Catholic health delivery system in the United States.[75]

Dubuque's other hospital is

JCAHO accredited, and has 126 beds.[76] Finley includes the Wendt Regional Cancer Center.[77]

Among other healthcare facilities, the city is home to two major outpatient clinics.

HMO, Medical Associates Health Plans.[78] Affiliated with the Finley Hospital is Dubuque Internal Medicine, which as of 2007 was Iowa's largest internal medicine group practice clinic.[79]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Dubuque, Iowa

Dubuque is home to the Julien Dubuque Film Festival held every April.[80] Several movies have been filmed in and around Dubuque, including:

See also

References

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  2. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
  3. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  4. ^ a b "2020 Census State Redistricting Data". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c "Dubuque Iowa Major Employers". Greaterdubuque.org. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  6. ^ "Newspaper article about Meskwaki (Fox) Indians being removed from the Galena territory". Indianapolis Democrat. No. 2. September 25, 1830. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
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