Economic history of Wales
This article is missing information about details before the 18th century.(June 2023) |
The development of the
18th century
Until the mid 18th century, economic development in Wales was restricted by its peripheral location, predominantly upland topography, bad communications and sparse population.
Industrial development from the mid 18th century was stimulated by the potential of Wales' rich mineral deposits, the arrival of English entrepreneurs and financiers and advances in technology. The development of iron smelting by coke made the South Wales Valleys a natural industrial location during the Industrial Revolution and, from the mid 18th century, increased demand for metals and coal was generated first by war and later by the advent of steamships and railways.[1]
The northern rim of the
19th century
Although a much smaller industry than coal, the
20th century
In the post-war era, the steel and tinplate industries consolidated on a smaller number of larger sites, such as the new works at Port Talbot and
In the post-war decades there was a shift towards service sector employment, which accounted for 60% of jobs by the 1980s, many of them held by women.
21st century
Wales lags well behind the financial city of London, but according to the World Bank, in 2019 Wales' GDP /capita was better than 127 other nations.[10] Over the long term, output and productivity growth in Wales has been broadly in line with the UK and the developed world as a whole. What has marked Wales out is a low activity rate compared to other parts of the UK.[11]
Indicators
History of Wales |
---|
Year | £ million | £ per head | Index of £ per head (UK=100) |
---|---|---|---|
1989 | 19,445 | 6,810 | 85 |
1990 | 20,990 | 7,335 | 84 |
1991 | 21,724 | 7,561 | 83 |
1992 | 22,659 | 7,874 | 83 |
1993 | 23,697 | 8,218 | 83 |
1994 | 25,049 | 8,675 | 83 |
1995 | 26,388 | 9,135 | 84 |
1996 | 27,518 | 9,517 | 82 |
1997 | 28,672 | 9,904 | 80 |
1998 | 29,787 | 10,273 | 79 |
1999 | 30,736 | 10,596 | 77 |
2000 | 31,898 | 10,973 | 77 |
2001 | 33,525 | 11,520 | 77 |
2002 | 35,252 | 12,074 | 77 |
2003 | 37,262 | 12,712 | 76 |
2004 | 39,340 | 13,352 | 76 |
2005 | 40,711 | 13,784 | 76 |
2006 | 42,697 | 14,396 | 75 |
2007 | 44,263 | 14,853 | 74 |
2008 | 45,610 | 15,237 | 74 |
2018 | 65,089 | 20,815 | 70 |
References
- ^ a b c d Falkus, M. and Gillingham, J., eds (1987) Historical Atlas of Britain. London: Kingfisher.
- ^ a b c The Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press 2008.
- ^ Elwyn Jones, G. The Role of Education in National Identity and Economic Development in Wales since 1800. Background paper.
- ^ Day, G. (2002) Making Sense of Wales. A Sociological Perspective. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
- ^ a b c d e f Jenkins, P. (1992) A History of Modern Wales, 1536–1990. Harlow: Longman.
- ^ "The Welsh Economy". Cardiff Business School. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- Morgan, Kenneth O.(2002) Rebirth of a Nation: A History of Modern Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b Department for Work and Pensions / Welsh Assembly Government (2007) Wales: Towards Full Employment.
- ^ Nuttall, Andrew (20 October 2020). "UK Government repeatedly "turning down" First Minister's solutions for job support". Gannett Company. Newsquest Media Group Ltd. The Leader. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
- ^ "PPP (current international $)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Economic Futures for Wales" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
- ^ "Beyond 20/20 WDS – Table view". statswales.wales.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2022.