Electronic engineering

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Electrical engineering.
Printed circuit board

Electronic engineering is a sub-discipline of

active components such as semiconductor devices
to amplify and control electric current flow. Previously electrical engineering only used passive devices such as mechanical switches, resistors, inductors, and capacitors.

It covers fields such as

electric power control, photonics and robotics
.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is one of the most important professional bodies for electronics engineers in the US; the equivalent body in the UK is the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) publishes electrical standards including those for electronics engineering.

History and development

Main article: History of electronic engineering
Main article: Electronics

Electronics engineering as a

radio signals from a radio antenna
possible with a non-mechanical device. The growth of electronics was rapid. By the early 1920s, commercial radio broadcasting and communications were becoming widespread and electronic amplifiers were being used in such diverse applications as long-distance telephony and the music recording industry.

The discipline was further enhanced by the large amount of electronic systems development during

Walter Brattain
.

Specialist areas

Electronics engineering has many subfields. This section describes some of the most popular.

Electronic signal processing deals with the analysis and manipulation of

digital
, in which case the signal varies according to a series of discrete values representing the information.

For analog signals, signal processing may involve the

error detection
, and correction.

Telecommunications engineering deals with the

free space. Transmissions across free space require information to be encoded in a carrier wave in order to be transmitted, this is known as modulation. Popular analog modulation techniques include amplitude modulation and frequency modulation
.

Once the transmission characteristics of a system are determined, telecommunication engineers design the

noise
.

Aviation-electronics engineering and Aviation-telecommunications engineering, are concerned with

sensors. These courses are offered at such as Civil Aviation Technology Colleges.[2][3]

Control engineering has a wide range of electronic applications from the flight and propulsion systems of

industrial automation. Control engineers often use feedback when designing control systems
.

Peltier–Seebeck effect
to measure the temperature difference between two points.

Often instrumentation is not used by itself, but instead as the sensors of larger electrical systems. For example, a thermocouple might be used to help ensure a furnace's temperature remains constant. For this reason, instrumentation engineering is often viewed as the counterpart of control engineering.[4]

Computer engineering deals with the design of

embedded systems—systems made for specific tasks (e.g., mobile phones)—is also included in this field. This field includes the microcontroller
and its applications. Computer engineers may also work on a system's software. However, the design of complex software systems is often the domain of software engineering which falls under computer science, which is usually considered a separate discipline.

VLSI design engineering

conductor and semiconductor
materials needed to construct the circuit.

Education and training

Main article: Education and training of electrical and electronics engineers

Electronics is a subfield within the wider

MEng
) degrees at the graduate level.

Some electronics engineers also choose to pursue a

Engineering Doctorate
. The master's degree is being introduced in some European and American Universities as a first degree and the differentiation of an engineer with graduate and postgraduate studies is often difficult. In these cases, experience is taken into account. The master's degree may consist of either research, coursework or a mixture of the two. The Doctor of Philosophy consists of a significant research component and is often viewed as the entry point to academia.

In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professional body. Certification allows engineers to legally sign off on plans for projects affecting public safety.

Incorporated Engineer (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, and Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand) or European Engineer
(in much of the European Union).

A degree in electronics generally includes units covering physics, chemistry, mathematics, project management and specific topics in electrical engineering. Initially, such topics cover most, if not all, of the subfields of electronics engineering. Students then choose to specialize in one or more subfields towards the end of the degree.

Fundamental to the discipline are the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to obtain both a qualitative and quantitative description of how such systems will work. Today, most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is commonplace to use

embedded systems
.

Apart from electromagnetics and network theory, other items in the syllabus are particular to electronic engineering courses. Electrical engineering courses have other specialisms such as

distribution. This list does not include the extensive engineering mathematics curriculum that is a prerequisite to a degree.[6][7]

Supporting knowledge areas

The huge breadth of electronics engineering has led to the use of a large number of specialists supporting knowledge areas.

Elements of

antenna gain.[8][9]

Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set, and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton's maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation.[10] Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions. State equations for networks.[11]

Electronic devices: Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers.

integrated circuit fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.[12][13]

Analog circuits: Equivalent circuits (large and small-signal) of diodes, BJT, JFETs, and MOSFETs. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback and power. Analysis of amplifiers; frequency response of amplifiers. Simple

op-amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits, Power supplies.[14]

Digital circuits:

Microprocessor 8086: architecture, programming, memory, and I/O interfacing.[15][16]

Signals and systems: Definitions and properties of

power spectral density, and function analogy between vectors & functions.[17][18]

Electronic Control systems

Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams —

Mason's rule
. Open loop and closed loop (negative unity feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady-state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response. Analysis of steady-state disturbance rejection and noise sensitivity.

Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis and design: root loci,

proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control. Discretization of continuous-time systems using zero-order hold and ADCs for digital controller implementation. Limitations of digital controllers: aliasing. State variable representation and solution of state equation of LTI control systems. Linearization of Nonlinear dynamical systems with state-space realizations in both frequency and time domains. Fundamental concepts of controllability and observability for MIMO LTI systems. State space realizations: observable and controllable canonical form. Ackermann's formula for state-feedback pole placement. Design of full order and reduced order estimators.[19][20]

Communications

Analog communication systems:

superheterodyne
noise conditions.

Digital communication systems: pulse-code modulation (PCM), differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM), delta modulation (DM), digital modulation – amplitude, phase- and frequency-shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched-filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes, GSM, TDMA.[21][22]

Professional bodies

Professional bodies of note for electrical engineers USA's

professional designation
in the United States.

Project engineering

For most engineers not involved at the cutting edge of system design and development, technical work accounts for only a fraction of the work they do. A lot of time is also spent on tasks such as discussing proposals with clients, preparing budgets and determining project schedules. Many senior engineers manage a team of technicians or other engineers and for this reason, project management skills are important. Most engineering projects involve some form of documentation and strong written communication skills are therefore very important.

The workplaces of electronics engineers are just as varied as the types of work they do. Electronics engineers may be found in the pristine laboratory environment of a fabrication plant, the offices of a consulting firm or in a research laboratory. During their working life, electronics engineers may find themselves supervising a wide range of individuals including scientists, electricians, programmers, and other engineers.

Obsolescence of technical skills is a serious concern for electronics engineers. Membership and participation in technical societies, regular reviews of periodicals in the field, and a habit of continued learning are therefore essential to maintaining proficiency, which is even more crucial in the field of consumer electronics products.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ "October 1897: The Discovery of the Electron". Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  2. ^ "مهندسی الکترونیک‌ و مخابرات هواپیمایی". catc.ac.ir. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  3. ^ "Raahnamaye-jaame-94-6-Mordad[catc.info]". s3.picofile.com. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  4. ^ Bartelt, Terry. Industrial Automated Systems: Instrumentation and Motion Control. Cengage Learning, 2010.
  5. ^ "Are there any professional examinations available in the electronics and telecommunications engineering field? Where do I get the listings of these examinations, and how do I apply for them? Who is eligible to write such examinations?". Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  6. ISBN 978-81-318-0302-8
  7. ISBN 978-81-318-0350-9
  8. ISBN 978-0-8493-1397-4
  9. ISBN 978-0-07-021234-3
  10. ISBN 978-0-7506-8139-1
  11. ISBN 978-0-521-31903-4
  12. ISBN 978-0-12-254161-2
  13. ISBN 978-0-07-136270-2
  14. ISBN 978-0-8493-1736-1
  15. ISBN 978-0-8247-7397-7
  16. ISBN 978-1-55860-735-4
  17. ISBN 978-0-07-249942-1
  18. ISBN 978-0-07-030641-7
  19. ISBN 978-0-7506-7810-0
    .
  20. ISBN 978-0-07-017052-0
    .
  21. ISBN 978-81-265-0914-0
    .
  22. ISBN 978-0-07-140228-6
    .
  23. ISBN 978-0-07-142181-2
    .

External links

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