Genetic history of Eastern Africa

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The genetic history of Eastern Africa encompasses the

humid phases[1][2][3] and periods throughout the history of Africa.[4][5]

Archaic Human DNA

Further information: Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans § Archaic African hominins

While

archaic human ancestry in Africans is less certain and is too early to be established with certainty.[6]

Ancient DNA

Ethiopia

At

L3x2a.[7][8] The individual of Mota is genetically related to groups residing near the region of Mota, and in particular, are considerably genetically related to the Aari people, especially the blacksmith caste of that group.[9][10]

Kenya

At Jawuoyo Rockshelter, in

L4b2a2c.[11][12]

At Ol Kalou, in

L3d1d.[11][12]

At Kokurmatakore, in

L3a2a.[11][12]

At White Rock Point, in

L2a4, and another probably carried haplogroup L0a2.[11][12]

At Nyarindi Rockshelter, in

haplogroup L4b2a and another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-P162).[13][14]

At Lukenya Hill, in

L4b2a2b, and another carried haplogroup L0f1.[13][14]

At Hyrax Hill, in

L5a1b.[13][14]

At Molo Cave, in

L3h1a2a1.[13][14]

At Kakapel, in

haplogroup L2a5.[13][14]

At

L4b2a2.[15]

Kilifi

At

haplogroup L3b1a1a.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carried haplogroup L0a1b2a.[16]

At

L3e3a.[16]

At

haplogroup L3b1a11.[16]

At

haplogroup L3b1a1.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carried haplogroups J1a2a1a2d2b~ and L0a2a1a2.[16]

At

L2a1a.[16]

At

L3f1b1a1.[16]

At

haplogroup L3b1a1a.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carried haplogroup L0a2.[16]

At

haplogroup L3f1b4a1.[16]

At

haplogroup L3e3.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carried haplogroup L0a2a2a1.[16]

At

L3b1a1.[16]

At

haplogroup L1b1a.[16]

At

haplogroup L2a1f1.[16]

At

haplogroup L3b1a+@16124.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1200 CE and 1450 CE, carried haplogroups E1b1b and L0a2a2a.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1200 CE and 1450 CE, carried haplogroups E1b1b1b2a1a1a1a1f~ and L0a2a2a.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1200 CE and 1450 CE, carried haplogroups J1a2a1a2d2b~ and L0a2a2a.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1200 CE and 1450 CE, carried haplogroup M30d1.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1200 CE and 1450 CE, carried haplogroup L0a2a2a.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1200 CE and 1450 CE, carried haplogroup L0a1b1a.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1226 cal CE and 1297 cal CE, carried haplogroups J1a2a1a2d2b~ and M30d1.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1323 cal CE and 1423 cal CE, carried haplogroups E1b1b and L0d3.[16]

At

haplogroup L1c3a1b.[16]

At

L3e3a.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1408 cal CE and 1442 cal CE, carried haplogroup L0a2a1a2.[16]

At

haplogroup L3a2.[16]

At

L3d1a.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1435 cal CE and 1479 cal CE, carried haplogroups J1a2a1a2d2b~ and L0a2a2a.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1442 cal CE and 1612 cal CE, carried haplogroups J1 and L0a1b1a.[16]

At

L3b1a1a.[16]

At

L3d1a1a.[16]

At

L3e1d1.[16]

At

L1b1a.[16]

At Kilifi, Mtwapa, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1450 CE and 1700 CE, carried haplogroups J2a1a1a2a2b and L0a2a1a2.[16]

At

L3e3a.[16]

At

haplogroup L3f1b1a1.[16]

At

haplogroup L2a1b1a.[16]

At

haplogroup L1c3a1b.[16]

At

haplogroup L2a1'2'3'4.[16]

At

haplogroup R0+16189.[16]

Laikipia County

At Kisima Farm/Porcupine Cave, in Laikipia County, Kenya, there were two pastoralists of the Pastoral Neolithic; one carried haplogroups E1b1b1b2b2a1/E-M293 and M1a1, and another carried haplogroup M1a1f.[11][12]

At Kisima Farm/C4, in

L3h1a1.[11][12]

At Laikipia District Burial, in Laikipia County, Kenya, a pastoralist of the Pastoral Iron Age carried haplogroup L0a1c1.[11][12]

Lamu

At

haplogroup L3d1a1a.[16]

At

L2d1a.[16]

At

haplogroup L2d1a.[16]

At

haplogroup L2a1b1.[16]

At

haplogroup L2d1a.[16]

At Lamu, Manda, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1456 cal CE and 1621 cal CE, carried haplogroup J2.[16]

At

L2d1a.[16]

At

L3e3a.[16]

At

L3e3a.[16]

Nakuru County

At Prettejohn's Gully, in

L3f1b.[11][12]

At Cole's Burial, in

L3i2.[11][12]

At Rigo Cave, in

L4b2a2c.[11][12]

At Naishi Rockshelter, in

L3x1a, and another carried haplogroups A1b (xA1b1b2a)/A-P108 and L0a2d.[11][12]

At Keringet Cave, in

L4b2a1, and another pastoralist of the Pastoral Neolithic/Elmenteitan carried haplogroup K1a.[11][12]

At Naivasha Burial Site, in

L3x1a.[11][12]

At Njoro River Cave II, in

L3h1a2a1.[11][12]

At Egerton Cave, in

Nakuru County, Kenya, a pastoralist of the Pastoral Neolithic/Elmenteitan carried haplogroup L0a1d.[11][12]

At Ilkek Mounds, in

Nakuru County, Kenya, a pastoralist of the Pastoral Iron Age carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and L0f2a.[11][12]

At Deloraine Farm, in

L5b1.[11][12]

Narok County

At Kasiole 2, in

L3h1a2a1.[11][12]

At Emurua Ole Polos, in

L3h1a2a1.[11][12]

Taita Taveta

At

L4b2a.[16]

At

haplogroup L3d1a1a.[16]

At

haplogroup L3d1a1a.[16]

At

L1c3b1a.[16]

At

haplogroup L3f2a1.[16]

At Taita Taveta, Makwasinyi, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carried haplogroup L0f2a.[16]

At

haplogroup L5a1a.[16]

At

L2a1+143.[16]

At Taita Taveta, Makwasinyi, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carried haplogroup L0d3.[16]

At

haplogroup L3e3a.[16]

At

L2a1+143.[16]

At Taita Taveta, Makwasinyi, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1698 cal CE and 1950 cal CE, carried haplogroup L0a1a+200.[16]

At

L3a2.[16]

Tanzania

At Mlambalasi rockshelter, in Tanzania, an individual, dated between 20,345 BP and 17,025 BP, carried undetermined haplogroups.[17]

At Kisese II rockshelter, in

L5b2.[17]

At

haplogroup L2a1.[15]

At

L4b2a2c.[15]

Karatu District

At Gishimangeda Cave, in

L3h1a2a1, another carried haplogroups E1b1b1b2b2/E-V1486, likely E-M293 and L0f2a1, and another carried haplogroups E1b1b1b2b2/E-V1486, likely E-M293, and T2+150; while most of the haplogroups among three pastoralists went undetermined, one was determined to carry haplogroup BT, likely B.[11][12]

Kilwa Coast

At

L2a1h.[16]

At

haplogroup L3b1a11.[16]

Lindi

At Lindi, in Tanzania, an individual, dated between 1511 cal CE and 1664 cal CE, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3a1d~ and L0a1a2.[16]

Pemba Island

At Makangale Cave, on Pemba Island, Tanzania, an individual, estimated to date between 1421 BP and 1307 BP, carried haplogroup L0a.[15]

At Makangale Cave, on

haplogroup L2a1a2.[15]

Songo Mnara

At

L3e3a.[16]

At

haplogroup L3e2b1a2.[16]

At

haplogroup L3d1a1a.[16]

At

L3e2b.[16]

At

haplogroup L3d1a1a1.[16]

At

L3a1b.[16]

At

L3d1a1a1.[16]

Uganda

At

L3b1a1.[13][14]

Y-Chromosomal DNA

Further information: Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa

As of 19,000 years ago, Africans, bearing haplogroup E1b1a-V38, likely traversed across the Sahara, from east to west.[18]

Before the

Arabia, resulting in various rates of inheritance throughout Arabia (e.g., 2.8% Qatar, 3.2% Yemen, 5.5% United Arab Emirates, 7.4% Oman).[19]

Mitochondrial DNA

Further information:
Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA), Haplogroup M (mtDNA), and Haplogroup N (mtDNA)

In 150,000 BP, Africans (e.g.,

Southwest Asia.[20] In the modern period, 68% of Sub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNA was introduced by East Africans and 22% was introduced by West Africans, which constitutes 50% of Sub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNA in modern Southwest Asia.[20]

Autosomal DNA

From the region of

eastern Africa to toward southern Africa, evidence of genetic homogeneity is indicative of a serial founder effect and admixture events having occurred between Bantu-speaking Africans and other African populations by the time the Bantu migration had spanned into South Africa.[21]

Across all areas of

West Eurasian, 37% Austronesian, and 59% Bantu.[22]

Medical DNA

The genomes of Africans commonly found to undergo

tubers.[21]

References

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  19. ^ Neves da Nova Fernandes VC. "High-resolution characterization of genetic markers in the Arabian Peninsula and Near East" (PDF). White Rose eTheses Online. University of Leeds.
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