Geography of toll roads
Asia
Azerbaijan
Baku - Guba - Samur (Azerbaijan–Russia border)
This Toll Road is alternative to the existing Baku-Guba-state Border road. The length of the new road is 150 km, the new road is 13 km shorter than the older one.
Bangladesh
Bangladesh has 5 toll bridges and 4 toll roads. None of them are of an electronic collection system. In Bangladesh, roads and bridges are built by the Government. After building the roads and bridge, the governmement invites tender to give an Operation and management (O&M) contract for 5 years against a fee. The O&M operators maintains the bridge and collects toll on behalf of the government. The toll tariff of Bangabandhu Multipurpose Bridge (formerly known as Jamuna Bridge), length 4.8 km, the longest bridge of the country is considered very high compared with other bridges. Mr. Md. Mobarak Hossain, the CEO of Marga Net One Limited (Joint Venture by Pt. Jasa Marga (Persaro) Indonesia and Net One Solutions Ltd. Bangladesh who was also the CEO of the 2nd O&M Operator of Bangabandhu (Jamuna) Bridge, feels that Taka 400 (USD 6.00)per private car is too high, while the trucks and lorries pays a maximum of USD 18.00 for single trip. The Bangabandhu Bridge is a vital link connecting the eastern part of the country with its northern part.
China
Nearly all Chinese expressways and express routes charge tolls, although they are not often networked from one toll expressway to another. However, beginning with the
Hong Kong
In
India
Access-controlled roads in India are tolled. In addition to cash tolls, toll plazas have dedicated electronic toll collection lanes for quicker operation.
In addition, most of the
Currently, a massive project is underway to expand the highway network and the Government of India plans to add an additional 18,637 km (11,580 mi) of expressways to the network by the year 2022.[1]
Indonesia
In 2015, the
Indonesia had 34 toll roads until October 2015 :
North Sumatra :
Jakarta and Banten : Jakarta–Serpong Toll Road, Jakarta–Tangerang Toll Road, Tangerang–Merak Toll Road, Prof. Dr. Ir. Soedijatmo Toll Road, connecting Jakarta and Banten.
Jakarta : Jakarta Inner Ring Road, Jakarta Outer Ring Road, connecting Jakarta.
Jakarta and West Java : Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road, Jagorawi Toll Road, connecting West Java and Jakarta.
West Java :
Semarang, Central Java : Semarang Section A, B, C Toll Road, Semarang–Ungaran Toll Road connecting Semarang.
East Java : Surabaya–Gresik Toll Road, Surabaya–Gempol Toll Road, Waru–Juanda International Airport Toll Road, Surabaya–Madura Bridge Toll Road, connecting East Java.
Denpasar, Bali Island : Bali Mandara Toll Road, connecting Ngurah Rai Airport–Nusa Dua, Ngurah Rai Airport–Denpasar–Benoa.
Makasar, South Sulawesi : Makassar Airport Toll Road, connecting Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport.
Plans for another inter–city route in
Since October 2017, all toll booths in Indonesia only accepts electronic payments through payment cards.[2]
Israel
Japan
The vast majority of Japan's extensive expressway consists of toll roads. Payment of the fare can either be made in cash as one exits or using the
Malaysia
).Pakistan
All motorways and few expressways are toll roads. First such motorway M2 was opened to public in 1997. Since then the M3, M9, M10, and M1, all toll roads, have become operational. The M8 is under construction.
Philippines
Currently, the Philippines have ten toll roads, all on the main Island of Luzon.
The 84 kilometer North Luzon Expressway or NLEx, connecting Manila with the Central and Northern parts of Luzon. It starts at Balintawak Interchange in Quezon City, Metro Manila and ends at Sta. Ines in Pampanga.
The 93.77 kilometer
The 51 kilometer South Luzon Expressway or SLEx connecting Manila with Santo Tomas, Batangas. It is composed of two segments namely, the Osmeña Highway (formerly/also known by many as South Superhighway) which starts from Paco, Manila and continues until Alabang in Muntinlupa and the Alabang-Calamba-Santo Tomas Expressway, which is also known as the South Luzon Tollway (SLT), which comprises the Alabang to Santo Tomas, Batangas segment.
The 16 kilometer
The 42 kilometer Southern Tagalog Arterial Road or STAR Tollway which runs south from Santo Tomas, Batangas to the City of Batangas. It is also connected to the South Luzon Expressway via an exit in Santo Tomas, Batangas since 2010 which makes it the continuation of the connection of Manila to the provinces of the Southern part of Luzon as it also a part or extension of the Radial Road 3 network (see Radial Road 3).
The 14 kilometer Manila–Cavite Expressway or CAVITEx is an expressway in the south of the Manila metropolitan area. Connects Manila with the province of Cavite.
The 88.85 kilometer Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway is a four lane expressway north of Manila in the Philippines. It connects Central Luzon and North Luzon. It starts at SCTEX in Tarlac Exit and currently ends at Rosario Exit in La Union.
The 8.8 km
The 4 km Muntinlupa–Cavite Expressway, which is also known as MCX and formerly Daang Hari-SLEX Link Expressway is a long access-controlled toll expressway linking the southern province of Cavite to Muntinlupa in the Philippines. The east end is the SLEX in Muntinlupa and the west end is at Daang Hari and Daang Reyna Road junction in Cavite.
The 11.6 kilometer
Only the North Luzon Expressway, Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway, and the South Luzon Expressway (including the Skyway) have an electronic toll collection system, which is based on the 5.7 GHz standard.
Singapore
In Singapore, toll stations are automated, thus reducing manpower. The automated toll stations, also known to the locals as ERP or Electronic Road Pricing, was introduced by Land Transport Authority (LTA) to reduce city traffic jams. The number of toll stations is increasing rapidly and some Singaporeans even call it "Every road pay".
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka currently operates 2 toll roads. The Southern Expressway (E 01) and the Katunayake Expressway (E 03). The Kandy Colombo Expressway (E 02) is under planning at the moment (2013). The toll revenue is used to repair and maintain the expressways.
Taiwan
Freeways in Taiwan are not exactly toll roads in the sense that toll gates/stations are not located at the entrance and exits of the freeway. Toll stations with
See
Other toll roads in Taiwan are usually newly built bridges and tunnels. Tolls are frequently collected to pay off the construction cost and once paid off, the tolls may be repealed.
Tajikistan
Toll roads in Tajikistan are owned and operated by Innovative Road Solutions (IRS). The northern point is in the Sughd Viloyat and the Southern point ends at Kurgan Tyube (100 km south of the capital of the country - Dushanbe). While going from end to end costs roughly $12 US Dollars for regular 2 axle vehicles, it can top to $100 for semitrucks. The IRS is setting up new toll plazas that are going to be able to read off the digital device attached to windshield while passing through at the speed of no more than 15 km/h, similar to ones in the United States. This is the only toll road in the entire Central Asia with about 5 cars going through each toll plaza every minute in every direction. The more information can be found on their homepage at www.IRS.tj
Thailand
Most of the toll roads in Thailand are either within
United Arab Emirates
The toll system
Africa
Morocco
South Africa
In South Africa, some of the
Zimbabwe
In 2013 the
Zambia
In Zambia, every Inter-Territorial Road (designated with the letter T; except for T6), together with many Territorial Roads (designated with the letter M) and very few District Roads (designated with the letter D) are toll roads with tollgates.[4] The tollgates are run by the National Road Fund Agency (NRFA) and the Road Development Agency (RDA).[4]
Europe
Toll roads in Europe have a long history. The first turnpike road in England was authorised in the seventeenth century. The term turnpike refers to a gate on which sharp pikes would be fixed as a defence against cavalry. Early references include the (mythical) Greek ferryman
In some European countries payment of road tolls is made using stickers which are affixed to the windscreen. Germany uses a system based on satellite technology for large vehicles. In other countries payment may be made in cash, by credit card, by pre-paid card or by an electronic toll collection system. Tolls may vary according to the distance travelled, the building and maintenance costs of the motorway and the type of vehicle.
Some of these toll roads are privately owned and operated. Others are owned by the government. Some of the government-owned toll roads are privately operated.
Belarus
Major highways in Belarus are
Croatia
Almost all Croatian highways are
There are five vehicle categories in Croatia that differ in weight, height, number of axles and trailer attachment. The toll for the use of a motorway on which a closed or open toll system has been introduced is calculated and charged according to the distance between the two toll points the vehicle passes, the group of vehicles to which the vehicle is deployed and the unit price per kilometer. The unit price per kilometer of motorway, ie. individual sections of motorway, is determined according to construction costs, maintenance costs, management costs and costs of development of motorways and toll road facilities. The unit price per kilometer can be determined differently for each section of the motorway.[5]
Toll payment is possible in six ways:[6]
- Cash payment: Croatian kunas and Euros
- card
- Subscription cards (smart): AZM smart card
- Unique smart card for all motorways in the Republic of Croatia for people with disabilities entitled to free tolls
- ENC - Electronic toll collection: HAC, Bina Istra
- Toll surcharge via SMS and via WEB portal
There are three Croatian companies that build and maintain highways and collect tolls:[7]
- Hrvatske autoceste (Croatian Motorways Ltd)
- Autocesta Zagreb - Macelj(Zagreb - Macelj Motorway)
- BINA Istra
Denmark
The
In the Faroe Islands, the inter-island road tunnels Vágatunnilin and Norðoyatunnilin both have tolls (but no physical toll booths are present and the toll must be paid at nearby petrol stations).
France
In Europe, the most substantial use of toll roads is in France, where most of the autoroutes carry quite heavy tolls.
Iceland
The Hvalfjörður Tunnel was tolled from 11 July 1998 but became toll free as of 28 September 2018. Currently the Vaðlaheiðargöng tunnel, opened in December 2018, is the only toll road in Iceland.
Ireland
The
Italy
Most
In most motorways, toll is proportional to the distance traveled and has to be paid on exit, where toll gates — (in Italian) caselli — are placed. On other motorways, however, toll gates are placed directly along the route — (in Italian) barriere —. In such cases, it is required to pay a fixed amount, regardless of the distance traveled.
Toll can be paid in cash, by credit card, by pre-paid card, or by Telepass.
61% of the Italian motorways are handled by the "Autostrade per l'Italia S.p.A." company, and its subsidiaries. All of these carriers are now privately owned and supervised by ANAS. The network of motorways covers most of Italy: northern and central Italy are well covered, the south and Sicily are scarcely covered, Sardinia is not covered at all.
The motorway operators are required to build, operate and maintain their networks at cost and to cover their expenses from the toll they collect. The tolls vary according to the building and maintenance costs of the motorway and the type of vehicle.
Besides the motorways, only some alpine tunnels (such as the Mont Blanc Tunnel) are tolled. Today, no toll is required on other roads, including motorway-like dual carriageways — (in Italian) superstrade. The first tolled superstrada is under construction now north of Venice.
The Netherlands
In the beginning of the 20th century, almost all communities collected toll on all passing traffic, usually including pedestrians and livestock. In 1953, the central government abolished all communal tolls.
As of 2008, there are three effective toll roads in Netherlands. They are for the Western Scheldt Tunnel, Kil tunnel, both major arteries, and the "Tolbrug" (Toll Bridge) in Nieuwerbrug, a local hand-drawn bridge. Also, for the Wijkertunnel, a "shadow toll" is paid by Rijkswaterstaat for each passed vehicle.
Norway
Norway has extensively been using toll as a way to finance road infrastructure in the last decades.
There are also toll rings around some cities, where drivers have to pay to enter or leave the city, regardless of if the road is new or old. The first city was Bergen in 1986. The money goes to construction of infrastructure in and around the city.
Poland
There are three toll highways in Poland, connecting the major cities and the nation's boundaries. Two routes travel east–west, one running between Łódź and the German border, the other currently connecting Katowice and Kraków, with current construction extending the roads to the German and Ukrainian boundaries. A north–south route connects Rybnik to Katowice, and Toruń to Gdańsk.
Portugal
In
Russia
A number of toll roads in Barnaul and Pskov Region (Nevil-Velezh (RUR 190 ($8)), Pechori-state border RUR 140), also M4-Don (18 km close to Lipetsk costs RUR20($0,75) for cars and RUR40 ($1,7) for trucks).
Overall toll network is 383 km or 0,05% of total road network. Average price in Pskov region having 226 km of toll roads is RUR 2,4-5,5 per km for cars, and RUR 7,9-19,5 for trucks. This comes close to $0,5 per km for trucks.
Ordinary speed limits apply so far. In 2007 adopted Toll Road Law and Concession Law in 2005 to develop this sector.
Slovenia
For the use of 464,7 km of the Slovenian freeways and expressways use of toll stickers is obligatory for all vehicles with the permissible maximum weight of 3.5 tons on motorways and expressways as of 1 July 2008. The sticker costs are €15 for 7 days, €30 for a month and €95 for a year. Motorcyclists have to pay €7.50 for 7 days, €25 for a half year and €47.50 for a year.[8] Trucks use existing toll road stops.[9] Use of highways and expressways without a valid and properly displayed sticker in a vehicle is a violation of the law and is punished with a fine of €300 or more.[10]
Due to the high costs of toll stickers for transit drivers going to vacation to
Spain
Most Spanish toll roads are networked, so you must get a ticket on entering and pay when leaving the road. Technically, all roads belong to the Government, although toll roads are built and maintained by private companies under a State concession; when the concession expires, the road is reverted to State ownership, however most of then are renewed. Toll roads are called in Spanish autopistas. Freeways, often comparable to autopistas in building and ride quality, are called autovías.
There are some autovías which are actually built and maintained by private companies, such as Pamplona-Logroño A-12 The system can be regarded as a way for the Government to finance the build of new roads at the expense of the building company. Also, since the payment starts only after the road is finished, construction delays are usually shorter than those of regular state-owned freeways. However, those cannot be classified as toll roads since drivers do not need to pay any fees.
Sweden
The border-crossing
Switzerland
For the use of Swiss motorways the use of toll stickers is obligatory. They costs CHF 40 per year per vehicle (a car towing a trailer needs two stickers). There are no stickers for shorter periods and they are valid 14 months (the 2010 sticker is valid from 1 December 2009 until 31 January 2011). However, this also means that a sticker bought any time during the year can only be used for less than the maximum period until 31 January of the following year.
Republic of Turkey
In the Republic of
United Kingdom
Road rates were introduced in
The rise of
Most UK roads today are maintained from general taxation, some of which is raised from motoring taxes including
North and South America
Bolivia
In November 2006, the Ministry of Public Works, Services and Housing of Bolivia created Vías Bolivia, a public entity with the purpose of pricing, managing and maintaining the toll roads across the country. [19] As of 2021, there are currently 141 operating toll roads in Bolivia as well as 13 weigh stations for commercial vehicles and trucks.[19]
Brazil
In
Canada
Most tolled roadways in
Colombia
Many highways in Colombia charge tolls. Motorcycles are allowed to bypass for free.
Ecuador
The Pan-American Highway in Ecuador charges tolls. Motorcycles pay a reduced fare.
Mexico
Mexico has an extensive system of toll roads or Autopistas. Autopistas are built and funded by Federal taxes and are built to nearly identical standards as the US Interstate Highways System. Also, many states in Mexico have their own toll roads such as Puebla, Veracruz and Nuevo León. All federal toll highways operate with 3 payment options, cash, credit card and electronic tag IAVE. IAVE in all the highways is operated by Caminos y Puentes Federales (CAPUFE).
Panama
Most of the toll roads in
Puerto Rico
There are several toll roads in Puerto Rico, where toll roads are called "autopista" (which loosely translates to "car track") and toll houses are called "peaje".
United States
A toll road in the United States, especially near the east coast, is often called a turnpike. The term turnpike originated from the turnstile or gate which blocked passage until the fare was paid at a toll house (or toll booth in current terminology). Most tolled facilities in the US today use an
After a halt in toll road construction following the establishment of the
have both re-examinined the possibility of reinstating tolls on some highways, while several other states are advancing the construction of new toll roads to supplement their existing networks of toll-free expressways.Oceania
Australia
In Australia, a small number of motorways have been tolled due to cover the expense of their construction. Such roads can be found in the Australian cities of Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne. There are no toll roads in the Australian states of South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania or any of the mainland territories. Toll collection is by electronic toll collection; there are no longer any cash booths in Australia.
In Brisbane, there are three tollway operators (Brisbane City Council, Queensland Motorways, and RiverCity Motorway). Brisbane City Council owns and operates the Go Between Bridge over the Brisbane River in the city. Queensland Motorways operates the tolls on the Sir Leo Hielscher Bridges, and another two on the Logan Motorway on the south side. RiverCity Motorway operates the Clem Jones Tunnel, which runs underneath the city between the inner southern and northern suburbs. All toll collection points are electronically operated. Another company, BrisConnections, is currently constructing another toll tunnel (the longest tunnel in Australia) called the Airport Link, and will allow traffic to flow from the northern Clem Jones - Inner City Bypass interchange, direct to Brisbane Airport. Construction is due to be complete in 2012. International Travellers and people that are new to Brisbane should note, the penalty for non payment of tolls is in excess of $140 (per trip). It is best to avoid toll roads at all costs as it really saves little time and is often classed by the general Brisbane public as "revenue raising".
In
In
are privately operated by a variety of companies such as Macquarie Infrastructure, Transurban, and to a lesser extent Industry Super funds such as Retail Employees Super, SunSuper, and the Industry Funds Management which partly own the M5 motorway in South Western Sydney.As well as the tolled motorways, the Cross City Tunnel - an east–west route underneath the Sydney CBD - was opened to traffic in 2005. This road has become somewhat controversial due to the relatively high toll charge and the closure of surrounding roads designed to funnel traffic through the tunnel.
All Sydney tollways accept E-tags; the
New Zealand
- Auckland Harbour Bridge was opened in 1959 and operated as a toll bridge until 1984. In the 1960s a group of university students attempted to disrupt the toll system by repeatedly crossing the bridge using motor-scooters (to which a very low toll applied), and paying their toll in £5 notes; the hope was that they would exhaust the supplies of change held at the toll booths. However, the toll authority got wind of their plans and got a very large supply of small change (copper coinage), so the students were soon weighed down with large amounts of small change.
- The Lyttelton Road Tunnel, linking the City of Christchurch with the harbour at Lyttelton, was originally a Toll Tunnel built in 1962. The government of the day promised that as soon as the tunnel was paid for, the toll would be removed The promise was kept, and the toll was removed in the mid-1970s once the tunnel had been paid off. The Tunnel Authority building and toll booths are still there at the Heathcote end.
- The City of Tauranga operates a toll road running between the outlying settlement of Tauriko on State Highway 2 and central business district of the city. This toll road also act as a feeder route for the Tauranga Harbour Bridge. Tolls are collected by staff operating tollbooths at the western end of the road.
- The Northern Gateway Toll Road is a 7.5 km motorway extension to State Highway 1 just north of Auckland. Northbound, the toll road begins just before Orewa and ends via a pair of road tunnels through the Johnstone Hills near Puhoi. The toll road opened in January 2009 and gives motorists a choice between a more direct route or State Highway 17 via Orewa. Tolling is implemented through automatic vehicle license plate reading with cameras in an overhead gantry.
See also
- Toll road
- List of toll roads
- High-occupancy toll
- Private highway
- Electronic toll collection
- TELEPASS(Italy)
- SunPass (Florida, USA)
- E-PASS(Florida, USA)
- E-ZPass (northeastern USA)
- I-PASS(Illinois, USA)
- FasTrak (California, USA)
- Pikepass(Oklahoma, USA)
- TxTag (Texas, USA)
- Highway 407 (Toronto, ON, Canada)
- CityLink (Australia)
- London congestion charge
- Turnpike trusts the first organisations empowered to collect tolls on English roads
- Malaysian expressway system
- Tunnels and bridges in Hong Kong
- Expressways of Japan
- Toll roads in Europe
- Toll roads in the United States
External links
- Turnpikes and Toll Roads in Nineteenth-Century America (EH.Net Economic History encyclopedia)
- National Alliance Against Tolls (British anti toll group, but "News" pages includes USA and other countries.)
References
- ^ Govt plans to build 18637 km expressways
- ^ "Sejarah Bayar Tol dari Masa ke Masa: dari Tunai, Kartu Tol Hingga Aplikasi". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). 23 May 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
- ^ Moroccan operator ADM'sYear 2007 report Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, PDF file, downloaded 22 August 2008
- ^ a b "NRFA". Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ "Pravilnik o cestarini" [Toll regulations]. Narodne Novine (in Croatian). Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
- ^ "Cijene i načini plaćanja" [Prices and methods of payment]. HUKA (in Croatian). 30 April 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
- ^ "Članice" [Members]. HUKA (in Croatian). 1 January 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
- ^ "Vignette prices on DARS.si". Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ^ Cestnina v Sloveniji Archived 26 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Protest: Toll sticker in Slovenia makes driving more expensive for tourists". Wien International. 28 May 2008. Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
- ^ "Od 1. srpnja prolaz kroz Sloveniju stajat će oko 260 kuna!". Dnevnik.hr (in Croatian). 21 March 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
- ^ "Kroz Sloveniju besplatno (guide to avoid highways)" (in Croatian).
- ^ Split-Guide, Dalmatien Travelguide Archived 26 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Brussels Stops Proceedings over Vignettes". STA. 29 January 2010.
- ^ Navarra.es Navarran Autonomous Community news bulletin, February 5 2007
- ^ Noticias de Navarra, May 2005 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ El País, August 8 2005
- ^ Capital Madrid, 30 March 2007 Archived 30 July 2012 at archive.today
- ^ a b "Memoria Institucional" (PDF). Vías Bolivia (in Spanish). La Paz. p. 5. Retrieved 10 April 2023.