Human-to-human transmission
Human-to-human transmission (HHT) is an
The World Health Organization designation of a pandemic hinges on the demonstrable fact that there is sustained HHT in two regions of the world.[12]
Synopsis
Relevant
A 2007 study showed that influenza virus was still active on stainless steel 24 hours after contamination. Though on hands it survives only for five minutes, the constant contact with steel almost certainly transmits infection.[15] Transfer efficiency depends not only on surface, but also on pathogen type. For example, avian influenza survives on both porous and non-porous materials for 144 hours.[13]
The pathogens may also be transmitted by poor use of cutlery or improper sanitation of dishes or bedlinen. Particularly problematic are toilet practices, which lead to the
List of HHT diseases
Examples of some HHT diseases are listed below.[citation needed]
- measles: vaccine available
- mumps: vaccine available
- chicken pox: vaccine available
- small pox[16]
- bubonic plague: slim non-nil risk[17]
- pneumonic plague: 1910-11 Manchurian plague[18]
- tuberculosis
- Norovirus[19][20]
- monkeypox[21]
- SARS-CoV-1
- SARS-CoV-2: vaccine available
- MERS
- Avian flu
- Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs):
References
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link - PMID 27918958.
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- ^ Friscolanti M (4 June 2009). "Canada's Pandemic Influenza Plan". Canadian Encyclopedia.
- ^ a b Cook 2013, p. 208.
- PMID 7986043.
- ^ Larson & Liverman 2011, p. 41.
- ^ PMID 20027294.
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- ^ Wilson M (24 March 2020). "The untold origin story of the N95 mask". Fast Company.
- ISBN 978-981-13-2577-9.
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- PMID 16103616.
Sources
- Cook N (2013). "10.1 Introduction; the role of fomites in the virus transmission". Viruses in Food and Water: Risks, Surveillance and Control. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. pp. 205–215. ISBN 978-0-85709-887-0.
- Larson EL, Liverman CT (2011). "Understanding the Risk to Healthcare Personnel: Fomite Persistence". Preventing Transmission of Pandemic Influenza and Other Viral Respiratory Diseases: Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Personnel: Update 2010. Washington: National Academies Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-309-16254-8.