Hurricane Ingrid

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This article is about the 2013 hurricane. For the 2007 storm, see Tropical Storm Ingrid.

Hurricane Ingrid
Ingrid shortly before being upgraded to a hurricane on September 14
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 12, 2013 (2013-09-12)
DissipatedSeptember 17, 2013 (2013-09-17)
Category 1 hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds85 mph (140 km/h)
Lowest pressure983 mbar (hPa); 29.03 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities32 total
Damage$1.5 billion (2013 USD)
Areas affectedMexico, Texas
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Ingrid was one of two

landfall just south of La Pesca, Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico as a strong tropical storm, and dissipated the next day. The hurricane was also the last one to form in the Gulf of Mexico until Hurricane Hermine
in 2016.

The combined impacts of hurricanes Ingrid and Manuel affected two-thirds of Mexico, killing 192 people and causing MXN$75 billion, or roughly US$5.7 billion in damage. Most of the effects were due to Manuel, though Ingrid was directly responsible for at least 32 deaths and $20 billion (MXN, US$1.5 billion) in damage. The two storms precipitated 162 billion m3 (162 km3; 5.7 trillion cu ft; 39 cu mi) of water, the equivalent of filling every dam in Mexico. Rainfall from the storm peaked at 511 mm (20.1 in) in Tuxpan, Veracruz. The rains caused widespread flooding, damaging at least 14,000 houses and hundreds of roads and bridges. In Tamaulipas, where the storm made landfall, the rainfall damaged crops and flooded rivers. The effects of the storm spread into South Texas, causing high tides and some flooding. After the storm, the Mexican government declared several municipalities to be in states of emergency. Relief agencies distributed food and aid to the hardest hit areas, although in Tamaulipas, residents had to rely on assistance from the local Gulf Cartel. The names Ingrid and Manuel were both later retired due to their impacts.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On August 28, a

Hurricane Hunters flight indicating the presence of a closed low-level circulation.[3]

On September 13, convection and organization increased and the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Ingrid, while weak steering currents resulted in little movement of the cyclone.[4] Partially due to the presence of nearby Hurricane Manuel in the eastern Pacific basin on the other side of Mexico, significant wind shear existed in the vicinity of Ingrid.[5] Nonetheless, strong convection and intermittent development of an eye allowed for strengthening of the storm on September 14.[6] Ingrid strengthened into a hurricane – the second of the season – that afternoon.[7] Around that time, the hurricane turned sharply northeastward due to a trough over eastern Mexico and a ridge over the southeastern United States.[1] Additional strengthening took place thereafter, and Ingrid reached a peak intensity of 140 km/h (85 mph) early on September 15 while starting to move northward and begin a northwest turn towards the Mexican coastline.[8]

Afterward Ingrid reached peak winds, shear increased and began to weaken the hurricane as it approached the Mexican coast.[9] The center became displaced to the edge of the convection, and NHC forecaster Daniel Brown noted that Ingrid "[did] not resemble a classic hurricane in satellite pictures."[10] At around 1115 UTC on September 16, Ingrid made landfall just south of La Pesca, Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico, after having weakened into a strong tropical storm with 100 km/h (65 mph) winds.[1] Near landfall, the Hurricane Hunters reported flight-level winds of 120 km/h (75 mph) which, after adjusting to surface winds, confirmed the weakening.[11] The storm moved ashore less than 24 hours after Tropical Storm Manuel struck the Pacific coast of Mexico on Michoacán,[12] making it the first time since 1958 that tropical cyclones struck both coasts of the country within one day.[13] Ingrid rapidly weakened into a tropical depression over land,[14] and although convection temporarily reorganized,[15] the circulation dissipated on September 17.[16]

Preparations and impact

Ingrid (right) and Tropical Storm Manuel (left) over Mexico on September 15

Several

drug war, members of a citizen alert system in Tamaulipas used Twitter to notify about flooding, missing people, and the need for assistance.[21]

Early in its duration, Ingrid produced tropical storm force winds along the coast of Veracruz. While making landfall, it also brought tropical storm force winds along the northeastern Mexican coast. Sustained winds at La Pesca peaked at 80 km/h (50 mph), with gusts to 105 km/h (65 mph). The NHC remarked that Ingrid "likely caused above normal tides" in northeastern Mexico, but there was no data to back up the statement. Interacting with Hurricane Manuel on the Pacific coast and the broad cyclonic flow, Ingrid dropped heavy rainfall across eastern Mexico, primarily in Tabasco, Veracruz, and Tamaulipas states. In Tuxpan, Veracruz, rainfall totaled 511 mm (20.1 in) over 10 days, while at the Presa Vicente Guerrero dam in Tamaulipas, precipitation reached 502 mm (19.8 in).[1] Surface runoff from the storm spread to the Pacific coast of Mexico, producing flooding in Guerrero in combination with Manuel. The impacts from both storms produced 162 billion m3 (5.7 trillion cu ft) of water, the equivalent of filling every dam in the country.[22]

The combined effects of hurricanes Ingrid and Manuel affected about two-thirds of Mexico.[23] The rains from Ingrid caused flooding and landslides across Mexico,[1] causing many rivers to rise,[23] and isolating towns.[24] In Veracruz alone, the rains flooded 68 rivers, which damaged 121 roads and 31 bridges, including two destroyed bridges. About 14,000 houses were damaged to some degree.[25] Heavy rainfall forced 23,000 people to evacuate their homes, 9,000 of whom went to emergency shelters,[26] some forced to leave by the Mexican army in high risk areas.[25] Evacuees who did not reside in shelters generally went to the houses of friends and family.[19] Also in Veracruz, flooding killed about 20,000 livestock.[27] Along the coast of Tamaulipas, damage occurred from Soto la Marina to La Pesca.[19] The Pánuco River in Tamaulipas rose above its banks, flooding two poor towns along its path and damaging adjacent roads. Also in the state, the storm damaged local sorghum fields.[27] Two people in the state required rescue after their truck was swept away by a river.[17]

Throughout Mexico, Ingrid killed 32 people, mostly due to flooding and mudslides.

Altotonga, Veracruz,[26] and three people died in Tamaulipas.[29]

The fringes of the storm extended into southern Texas, where winds gusted to tropical storm force, and rainfall was around 25–75 mm (0.98–2.95 in).[1] Thunderstorms and high tides affected the coastline, with tides reaching 0.76 m (2.5 ft) above normal, causing beaches to close due to flooding.[30]

Aftermath

The twin impacts of hurricanes Ingrid and Manuel prompted officials in Mexico to declare a state of emergency in 155 municipalities in Veracruz, Tamaulipas, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Chihuahua.[13] The nation's Health Ministry sent medical crews across the country to affected areas in an effort to prevent the spread of disease; the agency also suggested residents boil their water.[31] Officials opened shelters in Tamaulipas for residents whose houses were damaged,[32] housing about 2,000 people in the weeks following the storm.[33] The Mexican food bank sent about 800 tons of food to the hardest-hit parts of the country in Guerrero, Veracruz, and Sinaloa.[34] In addition, the Mexican Red Cross delivered 186 tons of food to Veracruz alone. Volunteers delivered about 600 blankets and various cleaning supplies to the town of Pánuco.[35] Following the storms, the National Civil Protection Coordination received the authority to prevent housing construction in areas at risk for mudslides and flooding; the law had passed in 2012, but initially lacked the authority to enforce it.[36] Some residents in Tamaulipas complained at the slow pace of receiving aid. In response, the Gulf Cartel brought relief items to Aldama, with one columnist for El Universal suggesting that this was to gain favor with local residents.[37]

Retirement

Because of the severe damage caused by the storm in Mexico, the name Ingrid was later retired by the

North Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with Imelda for the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season.[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i John L. Beven II (February 5, 2014). Hurricane Ingrid Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  2. ^ Christopher W. Landsea (September 10, 2013). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  3. ^ Lixion A. Avila and Michael J. Brennan (September 12, 2013). Tropical Depression Ten Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  4. ^ Lixion A. Avila (September 13, 2013). Tropical Storm Ingrid Discussion Number 4 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  5. ^ Lixion A. Avila (September 14, 2013). Tropical Storm Ingrid Discussion Number 5 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  6. ^ Lixion A. Avila (September 14, 2013). Tropical Storm Ingrid Discussion Number 9 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  7. ^ Lixion A. Avila (September 14, 2013). Hurricane Ingrid Discussion Number 10 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  8. ^ Michael J. Brennan (September 15, 2013). Hurricane Ingrid Discussion Number 11 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  9. ^ James L. Franklin (September 15, 2013). Hurricane Ingrid Discussion Number 13 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  10. ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 15, 2013). Hurricane Ingrid Discussion Number 14 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  11. ^ James L. Franklin (September 16, 2013). Tropical Storm Ingrid Discussion Number 17 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  12. ^ Richard J. Pasch; David A. Zelinsky (January 6, 2014). Hurricane Manuel Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
  13. ^ a b Redhum (December 25, 2013). 2013: México vive un año histórico en desastres naturales (Report) (in Spanish). ReliefWeb. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  14. ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 16, 2013). Tropical Depression Ingrid Discussion Number 18 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  15. ^ Stacy R. Stewart (September 16, 2013). Tropical Depression Ingrid Discussion Number 19 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  16. ^ Robbie J. Berg (September 16, 2013). Remnants of Ingrid Discussion Number 20 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  17. ^ a b Allan Garcia (September 17, 2013). "Rare twin storms batter Mexico, 40 dead". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  18. ^ United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (September 19, 2013). México – Info Note: Remnants of "Ingrid" and "Manuel" (PDF) (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  19. ^ a b c United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (September 17, 2013). México - Nota Informativa: Remanentes de "Ingrid" y "Manuel" (PDF) (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  20. ^ "Mexico hit by Hurricane Ingrid and Tropical Storm Manuel". BBC.com. September 16, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  21. ^ Ildefonso Ortiz (September 23, 2013). "Tamaulipas floods Twitter with Ingrid alerts; video appears to show Gulf Cartel dabbling in disaster relief". The Monitor. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  22. ^ El Coordinador Nacional de Protección Civil, Luis Felipe Puente Espinosa y el Subsecretario de Normatividad de Medios de la Secretaría de Gobernación y Vocero del Gabinete de Seguridad del Gobierno de la República, Eduardo Sánchez Hernández [The National Coordinator of Civil Protection, Luis Felipe Espinosa Bridge and Media Regulation Undersecretary of the Interior Ministry and the Cabinet Spokesman of the Government of the Republic Security, Eduardo Sánchez Hernández] (Report) (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. November 28, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  23. ^ a b c September 2013 Global Catastrophe Recap (PDF) (Report). Aon Benfield. October 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  24. ^ a b Catherine E. Shoichet and Nelson Quinones (September 15, 2013). "Hurricane Ingrid, Tropical Storm Manuel hit Mexico, killing 15". CNN. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  25. ^ a b Redhum (September 15, 2013). Suman 46 mil afectados por "Ingrid" en Veracruz (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  26. ^ a b "Hurricane Ingrid and Storm Manuel claim over 30 lives in Mexico". Bihar Prabha. September 17, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  27. ^ a b World Society for the Protection of Animals (September 30, 2013). WSPA Disaster Assessment and Needs Analysis: Flooding in Mexico (PDF) (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  28. ^ "Tamaulipas y Veracruz se preparan para la llegada del huracán 'Ingrid'". CNN (in Spanish). September 16, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  29. ^ Conferencia de Prensa (September 19, 2013). "Habilitan delegaciones de la Sedesol y sectorizadas como centros de acopio" (in Spanish). ReliefWeb. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  30. ^ "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena with Late Reports and Corrections" (PDF). 55 (9). National Climatic Data Center. September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 4, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. ^ Redhum (October 6, 2013). "Continúa Operativo Federal de Salud en los estados inundados" (in Spanish). ReliefWeb. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  32. ^ Government of Mexico (October 2, 2013). "Conferencia de prensa que ofreció el subsecretario de Normatividad de Medios y Vocero del Gabinete de Seguridad del Gobierno de la República, Eduardo Sánchez Hernández" (in Spanish). ReliefWeb. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  33. ^ Government of Mexico (September 19, 2013). "Habilitan delegaciones de la Sedesol y sectorizadas como centros de acopio" (in Spanish). ReliefWeb. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  34. ^ Government of Mexico (October 24, 2013). "Llevan Sedesol y Bancos de Alimentos productos a las zonas marginadas" (in Spanish). ReliefWeb. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  35. ^ Cruz Roja Mexicana (October 11, 2013). "Entrega Cruz Roja Mexicana ayuda humanitaria a pobladores de seis comunidades en Pánuco, Veracruz" (in Spanish). ReliefWeb. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  36. ^ "Fijan reglas para prevenir desastres" (in Spanish). ReliefWeb. November 28, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  37. ^ "How cartels win with storm damage". McClatchy DC. September 28, 2013. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  38. ^ WMO retires Ingrid and Manuel for Atlantic and eastern North Pacific basins (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 10, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2014.

External links

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