Hurricane Isabel
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | September 6, 2003 |
Extratropical | September 19, 2003 |
Dissipated | September 20, 2003 |
Category 5 major hurricane | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
Highest winds | 165 mph (270 km/h) |
Lowest pressure | 915 mbar (hPa); 27.02 inHg |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 51 |
Damage | $3.6 billion (2003 USD) |
Areas affected | Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Lucayan Archipelago, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season | |
Effects
Other wikis |
Hurricane Isabel was the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Mitch, and the deadliest, costliest, and most intense hurricane in the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. Hurricane Isabel was also the strongest hurricane in the open waters of the Atlantic, both by wind speed and central pressure, before being surpassed by hurricanes Irma and Dorian in 2017 and 2019, respectively. The ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the season, Isabel formed near the Cape Verde Islands from a tropical wave on September 6, in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It moved northwestward, and within an environment of light wind shear and warm waters, it steadily strengthened to reach peak winds of 165 mph (266 km/h) on September 11. After fluctuating in intensity for four days, during which it displayed annular characteristics, Isabel gradually weakened and made landfall on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h) on September 18. Isabel quickly weakened over land and became extratropical over western Pennsylvania on the next day. On September 20, the extratropical remnants of Isabel were absorbed into another system over Eastern Canada.
In North Carolina, the storm surge from Isabel washed out a portion of Hatteras Island to form what was unofficially known as Isabel Inlet. Damage was greatest along the Outer Banks, where thousands of homes were damaged or even destroyed. The worst of the effects of Isabel occurred in Virginia, especially in the Hampton Roads area and along the shores of rivers as far west and north as Richmond and Baltimore. Virginia reported the most deaths and damage from the hurricane. About 64% of the damage and 69% of the deaths occurred in North Carolina and Virginia. Electric service was disrupted in areas of Virginia for several days, some more rural areas were without electricity for weeks, and local flooding caused thousands of dollars in damage.
Moderate to severe damage extended up the Atlantic coastline and as far inland as West Virginia. Roughly six million people were left without electric service in the eastern United States from the strong winds of Isabel. Rainfall from the storm extended from South Carolina to Maine, and westward to Michigan. Throughout the path of Isabel, damage totalled about $5.5 billion (2003 USD). 16 deaths in seven U.S. states were directly related to the hurricane, with 35 deaths in six states and one Canadian province indirectly related to the hurricane.
Meteorological history
A tropical wave moved off the western coast of Africa on September 1.[1] An area of low pressure associated with the wave moved slowly westward, and its convection initially appeared to become better organized.[2] On September 3, as it passed to the south of the Cape Verde islands, organization within the system degraded,[3] though convection increased the next day.[4] The system gradually became better organized, and Dvorak classifications began early on September 5. Based on the development of a closed surface circulation, it is estimated the system developed into Tropical Depression Thirteen early on September 6. Hours later, it intensified into Tropical Storm Isabel,[1] though operationally the National Hurricane Center did not begin issuing advisories until 13 hours after it first developed.[5]
Located within an area of light
Early on September 10, the
Cloud tops around the center warmed again early on September 15, and Isabel weakened to a Category 4 hurricane.
Preparations
Two days before Isabel made landfall, the
Officials declared mandatory evacuations for 24 counties in North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland, though in general not many left. According to a survey conducted by the United States Department of Commerce, evacuation rates were estimated as follows; 45% in the Outer Banks, 23% in the area around the Pamlico Sound, 23% in Virginia, and about 15% in Maryland.[21] The threat of Isabel resulted in the evacuation of hundreds of thousands of residents, primarily in North Carolina and Virginia, and included more than 12,000 residents staying in emergency shelters.[22]
19 major airports along the East Coast of the United States were closed, with more than 1,500 flights canceled. The Washington Metro and Metrobus system closed prior to the arrival of the storm, and Amtrak canceled nearly all trains south of the nation's capital. Schools and businesses throughout its path closed prior to Isabel's arrival to allow time to prepare; hardware and home improvement stores reported brisk business of plywood, flashlights, batteries, and portable generators, as residents prepared for the storm's potential impact. The federal government was closed excluding emergency staff members.[22] The United States Navy ordered the removal of 40 ships and submarines and dozens of aircraft from naval sites near Norfolk, Virginia.[23]
A contingency plan was established at the
On September 18, the
Impact
Region | Deaths | Damage (2003 USD) | |
---|---|---|---|
Direct | Indirect | ||
Florida | 1 | 0 | 0 |
North Carolina | 1 | 2 | $450 million |
Virginia | 10 | 22 | >$1.85 billion |
West Virginia | 0 | 0 | $20 million |
Washington, D.C. | 0 | 1 | $125 million |
Maryland | 1 | 6 | $820 million |
Delaware | 0 | 0 | $40 million |
Pennsylvania | 0 | 2 | $160 million |
New Jersey | 1 | 1 | $50 million |
New York | 1 | 0 | $90 million |
Rhode Island | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Ontario | 0 | 1 | Unknown |
Total | 16 | 35 | $3.6 billion |
Strong winds from Isabel extended from North Carolina to New England and westward to West Virginia. The winds, combined with previous rainfall which moistened the soil, downed many trees and power lines across its path, leaving about 6 million electricity customers without power at some point. Parts of coastal Virginia, especially in the Hampton Roads and Northeast North Carolina areas, were without electricity for almost a month. Coastal areas suffered from waves and its powerful storm surge, with areas in eastern North Carolina and southeast Virginia reporting severe damage from both winds and the storm surge. Throughout its path, Isabel resulted in $5.5 billion in damage (2003 USD) and 51 deaths, of which 16 were directly related to the storm's effects.[30][31]
The governors of
Caribbean and Southeast United States
Powerful surf affected the northern coastlines of the islands in the
In northeastern South Carolina, the outer rainbands produced moderate winds reaching 45 mph (72 km/h) at Myrtle Beach. Rainfall was light, peaking at 1.34 inches (34 mm) in Loris.[37]
North Carolina
Isabel produced moderate to heavy damage across eastern North Carolina, totaling $450 million (2003 USD).[1] Damage was heaviest in Dare County, where storm surge flooding and strong winds damaged thousands of houses.[38] The storm surge produced a 2,000 feet (610 m) wide inlet on Hatteras Island, unofficially known as Isabel Inlet, isolating Hatteras by road for two months.[39] Strong winds downed hundreds of trees of across the state, leaving up to 700,000 residents without power. Most areas with power outages had power restored within a few days.[38] The hurricane directly killed one person and indirectly killed two in the state.[40]
Virginia
The
Mid-Atlantic
About 1.24 million people lost power throughout
The effects of the hurricane in Delaware were compounded by flooding caused by the remnants of Tropical Storm Henri days before.[49] Moderate winds of up to 62 mph (100 km/h) in Lewes[50] downed numerous trees, tree limbs, and power lines across the state,[51] leaving at least 15,300 without power.[52] Numerous low-lying areas were flooded due to high surf, strong storm surge, or run-off from flooding further inland.[51] The passage of Hurricane Isabel resulted in $40 million in damage (2003 USD) and no casualties in the state.[1]
Northeast United States
The winds from Isabel downed hundreds of trees and power lines across New Jersey, leaving hundreds of thousands without power; a falling tree killed one person. Rough waves and a moderate storm surge along the coastline caused moderate to severe beach erosion, and one person was killed from the rough waves. Damage in the state totaled $50 million (2003 USD).[1][53][54]
The passage of Hurricane Isabel in Pennsylvania resulted in $160 million in damage (2003 USD) and 2 indirect deaths in Pennsylvania.[1] One person suffered from carbon monoxide poisoning, believed to be caused due to improperly ventilated generators in an area affected by the power outages.[55] Moderate winds left about 1.4 million customers without power across the state as a result of trees falling into power lines, with dozens of houses and cars damaged by the trees.[56][57][58]
Damage in New York totaled $90 million (2003 USD),[1] with Vermont reporting about $100,000 in damage (2003 USD).[59][60][61][62][63][64] Falling trees from moderate winds downed power lines across the region, causing sporadic power outages. Two people died in the region as a result of the hurricane, both due to the rough surf from Isabel.[1]
Elsewhere
In West Virginia, the storm produced moderate rainfall across the state that peaked at 6.88 in (175 mm) near Sugar Grove.[65] The rainfall resulted in mudslides and flash flooding, covering several roads and washing away two bridges. The South Branch Potomac River crested at 24.7 feet (7.5 m), 9.3 feet (2.8 m) above flood state near Springfield. The flooding broke a levee at Michael Field, and in Mineral County one school and 14 basements were flooded. In Jefferson County, two people required rescue after a car drove into floodwaters.[66] Although sustained winds were weak in the state, wind gusts reached 46 mph (74 km/h) at Martinsburg. With the wet grounds, the wind gusts toppled thousands of trees, which fell onto homes, roads, and power lines.[66] About 1.4 million residents across the state were left without power.[67] Damage in the state totaled $20 million (2003 USD). No deaths were reported,[1] and three were injured from the hurricane.[66]
Isabel dropped light to moderate precipitation across the eastern half of Ohio, with isolated locations reporting over 3 in (76 mm).[42] Moisture from Isabel dropped light rainfall across eastern Michigan and peaked at 1.55 inches (39 mm) at Mount Clemens. Additionally, Doppler weather radar estimated rainfall approached 2.5 inches (64 mm) in St. Clair County. No damage was reported from Isabel in the region.[68]
Swells from Isabel produced moderate surf along the Atlantic coast of
Aftermath
By about a week after the passage of the hurricane,
In North Carolina, hundreds of residents were stranded in Hatteras following the formation of Isabel Inlet.[76] People who were not residents were not allowed to be on the Outer Banks for two weeks after the hurricane due to damaged road conditions. When visitors were allowed to return, many ventured to see the new inlet, despite a 1-mile (1.6-km) walk from the nearest road.[39] Initially, long-term solutions to the Isabel Inlet such as building a bridge or a ferry system were considered, though they were ultimately canceled in favor of pumping sand and filling the inlet. Coastal geologists were opposed to the solution, stating the evolution of the Outer Banks is dependent on inlets from hurricanes.[77] Dredging operations began on October 17, about a month after the hurricane struck. The United States Geological Survey used sand from the ferry channel to the southwest of Hatteras Island, a choice made to minimize the impact to submerged aquatic vegetation and due to the channel being filled somewhat during the hurricane.[78] On November 22, about two months after the hurricane struck, North Carolina Highway 12 and Hatteras Island were reopened to public access. On the same day, the ferry between Hatteras and Ocracoke was reopened.[39]
In West Virginia, the power outages were restored within a week.[79] Power workers throughout Canada assisted the severely affected power companies from Maryland to North Carolina.[80] Hydro-Québec sent 25 teams to the New York City area to assist in power outages.[81]
Retirement
Because of widespread property damage and extensive death toll, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Isabel in the spring of 2004, and it will never again be used for a North Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was replaced with Ida for the 2009 season.[82][83]
See also
- 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane
- 1933 Outer Banks hurricane
- Annular hurricane
- Hurricane Fran
- Hurricane Ernesto (2006)
- Hurricane Hazel
- Hurricane Hugo
- Hurricane Irene
- Hurricane Irma
- Hurricane Isaias
- Hurricane Sandy
- Hurricane Florence, a major hurricane that took a similar path towards the Carolinas.
- Tropical Storm Josephine (2020), a 2020 tropical storm that took a similar path north of the Lesser Antilles
- List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
- List of North Carolina hurricanes (2000–present)
- Timeline of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season
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{{cite web}}
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{{cite web}}
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External links
- National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report for Hurricane Isabel
- National Hurricane Center advisory archive for Hurricane Isabel
- National Weather Service Assessment
- Category 5 Hurricane Isabel eye vortices java loop, Interpretation of
- Hurricane Isabel in Perspective: Proceedings of a Conference