Jean-Baptiste Ventura

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Jean-Baptiste Ventura
Duchy of Modena
Died3 April 1858
Lardenne, France
Allegiance
RankGovernor of Lahore
AwardsLegion of Honour
Spouse(s)Anna Moses
ChildrenVictorine Ventura (daughter)

Jean-Baptiste (Giovanni Battista) Ventura, born Rubino (25 May 1794 – 3 April 1858), was an Italian soldier,

Punjab region of the Sikh Empire.[1]

Early life

Ventura was born in

Jewish merchant and Vittoria Massarani, a Catholic. The surname Ventura derives from Buonaventura, Italian for "Mazal Tov", a Hebrew-Sephardic surname originating in Iberia following the expulsion of the Jews in 1492. Ventura received a conventional Jewish education and at the age of seventeen, enrolled as a volunteer in the militia of the Kingdom of Italy, later serving with Napoleon's imperial army in the Queens's Dragons. After the abdication of Napoleon and the dissolution of the Army of Italy in April 1814 he returned to Finale. In 1817, his revolutionary
and Napoleonic sympathies became known to the local authorities following a dispute between him and a member of the reactionary Ducal police. As such, he was obliged to leave the country.

In 1817, persecuted by the local authorities for his revolutionary ideas and his sympathies for Napoleon, he had to flee from Finale because of an argument between him and a member of the reactionary police of the

Duke of Modena Francesco IV. He went first to Trieste, and then to Constantinople
, where he was for a time a ship-broker. He changed his name in Jean-Baptiste to hide his Jewish origins.

Having learned that

Mohammad Ali Mirza, the Shah's son. Upon the death of the Shah in 1822, Ventura offered his services to his successor, Abbas Mirza
. In the latter's service, however, were a number of English officers who were decidedly hostile to the French; they considered Ventura to be French because he had fought under Napoleon. As a result of their political intrigues, Ventura was dismissed.

Serving the King of Punjab

General Rubino Ventura and Maharaja Ranjiit Singh in Lahore in 1825

He traveled east, ending up in Lahore alongside Jean-François Allard in 1822. They took service with Maharaja Ranjit Singh, King of Punjab, as the Maharaja was encouraging veterans from erstwhile Napoleon's army in his ongoing bid to modernize his Sikh Khalsa Army in European warfare.

In March of the following year both Allard and Ventura commanded the Maharaja's troops in the

captured Peshawar. Following a rebellion in Afghanistan, Ventura commanded several difficult campaigns and greatly expanded the boundaries of the kingdom of Punjab
.

Along with Jean-Francois Allard,

Kazi
(i.e., Supreme Judge), and Governor of Lahore. He quickly rose through the ranks of the court and became the de facto Commander in Chief of the Darbar forces.

Ventura married Anna Moses in

Asiatic Society of Bengal in Calcutta.

A late night gathering of Sikhs with Maharaja Ranjit Singh and General Ventura outside the walls of Lahore, ca.1830

He served faithfully under Ranjit Singh and his successors Kharak Singh, Nau Nihal Singh, and Sher Singh. Upon Maharaja Sher Siṅgh's assassination in September 1843, he left the Punjab.

Later life

Sketch from Charles Grey's European Adventurers of Northern India (Lahore: 1929)

In France, he presented King Louis Philippe with a set of ancient Greek coins which he had unearthed. These coins were taken as evidence of Alexander the Great's march through Afghanistan and the Sindh-Punjab region of ancient India.

In his later years he lost a part of his large fortune in unsuccessful commercial enterprises. According to Flaminio Servi, Ventura was baptized toward the end of his life.[2]

He died on 3 April 1858 in Lardenne, near

Toulouse, France
.

Awards

He received the French Legion of Honour from the King Louis Philippe I in 1835.

Monuments

A monument donated by the

bas-relief
which represents Ventura with Maharaja Ranjit Singh with dimensions 160x120 cm, sculpted in India.

Notes

  1. ^ Bansal, Bobby Singh (7 November 2010). "Firangis in Ranjit Singh's Durbar". The Tribune.
  2. ^ VENTURA, RUBINO on "Jewish Encyclopedia"

Sources

  • Balboni, Maria Pia; “Ventura. Dal ghetto del Finale alla corte di Lahore”, Biblioteca Nuova serie, Pagine VIII-212, Aedes Muratoriana, Modena, 1993;
  • Balboni, Maria Pia, “Il generale Rubino Ventura. La straordinaria vita di un ebreo del Finale al servizio del maharaja Ranjit Singh”, Baraldini editore, Finale Emilia, 2019;
  • Notizie Storiche e Biografiche del Generale Rubino Ventura, Finalese, Esposte da un Suo Concittadino, Finale (Emilia), 1882;
  • F. Servi, in Corriere Israelitico, x. 47 et seq.;
  • idem, in Vessillo Israelitico, xxxi. 308 et seq.;
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