Hari Singh Nalwa
Hari Singh Nalwa | |
---|---|
Jarnail of the Sikh Khalsa Fauj | |
Commands held | |
Battles/wars |
|
Awards | Izazi-i-Sardari |
Spouse(s) |
|
Children | Arjan Singh Nalwa, Jawahir Singh Nalwa, Nand Kaur, Gurdit Singhji, Chand Kaur |
Signature |
Hari Singh Nalwa (29 April 1791 – 30 April 1837) was Commander-in-chief of the Sikh Khalsa Fauj, the army of the Sikh Empire. He is known for his role in the conquests of Kasur, Sialkot, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, Peshawar and Jamrud. Hari Singh Nalwa was responsible for expanding the frontier of Sikh Empire to beyond the Indus River right up to the mouth of the Khyber Pass. At the time of his death, the western boundary of the empire was Jamrud.
He served as governor of Kashmir, Peshawar and
Early life
Hari Singh Nalwa was born in
In 1804, his mother sent him to the court of Ranjit Singh to resolve a property dispute. Ranjit Singh decided the arbitration in his favor because of his background and aptitude. Hari Singh had explained that his father and grandfather had served under Maha Singh and Charat Singh, the Maharaja's ancestors, and demonstrated his skills as a horseman and musketeer.[30] Ranjit Singh appointed him as a personal attendant at the court.[1][31][32]
Hari Singh Nalwa had two wives, as was customary at the time: Raj Kaur from Rawalpindi and Desan Kaur. He had four sons and two daughters.[33]
Military career
During a hunt in 1804, a tiger attacked him and also killed his horse. His fellow hunters attempted to protect him but he refused their offers and allegedly killed the tiger by himself using a dagger while fending off blows with a shield, thus earning the cognomen Baghmar (Tiger-killer).[1] Whether he was by that time already serving in the military is unknown but he was commissioned as Sardar, commanding 800 horses and footmen, in that year.[34]
Battle of Kasur (1807)
Hari Singh's first significant participation in a Sikh conquest was at age 16 in 1807. It took place at the capture of Kasur, which had long been a thorn in the side of Ranjit Singh's power because of its proximity to his capital city of Lahore.[35] It was captured in the fourth attempt. This attack was led by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Jodh Singh Ramgarhia. During the campaign the Sardar showed remarkable bravery and dexterity.[36] The Sardar was granted a Jagir in recognition of his services.[37]
Siege of Multan (1807)
Ranjit Singh attacked Multan 7 times. Hari Singh Nalwa fought in 5 of them. Ranjit Singh did not want to finish his enemies in one stroke as Ranjit did not want much blood and wanted to weaken his enemies into an position where they could be easily conquered.[38] On their march to Multan, they conquered the territories of Dilalpur and Jhang.[39] The Sikhs besieged the Multan Fort. Peace was made through the help of Fateh Singh Kaliawalia.[38] The Maharaja lifted the siege with a lot of money.[40]
Battle of Sialkot (1807)
Ranjit Singh nominated Hari Singh Nalwa to take Sialkot from its ruler Jiwan Singh. This was his first battle under an independent command. The two armies were engaged for a couple of days, eventually seventeen year old Hari Singh carried the day.[41] Nalwa lead the army to victory and planted the Sikh Flag on top of the fort.[4]
Battle of Jammu (1808)
The Sikhs invaded Jammu in 1808 right after Sialkot. After Hari Singh Nalwa conquered Sialkot, Ranjit Singh had ordered him to take the surrounding areas of Jammu as well.[42] He was aided by a Sikh named Hukam Singh Chimni and they successfully managed to conquer the city.[43][44][45]
Siege of Multan (1810)
Nalwa once more besieged Multan in 1810. Ranjit Singh had given out an order to Muzaffar Khan to pay tribute, but the latter refused. Because of this, the Sikhs besieged Multan once more.[46] In this battle, Hari Singh Nalwa got seriously wounded while climbing the fort because of a fire-pot that was thrown at him.[47][48] Muzaffar Khan unsuccessfully sought for support from the British but after 2 months of siege, Nawab Muzaffar Khan surrendered.[49] Muzaffar Khan had to pay a tribute of 180,000 rupees and 20 horses to the Sikhs.[50]
Battle of Attock (1813)
The fort of Attock was a major replenishment point for all armies crossing the
Campaign in Kashmir
The Sikhs made an attempt to take Kashmir soon after the
Conquest of Mahmudkot (1816)
In preparation of the conquest of the strongly fortified Mankera, Maharaja Ranjit Singh decided to approach it from its southern extremity. After the Baisakhi of 1816, Misr Diwan Chand, Illahi Bakhsh, Fateh Singh Ahluwalia, Nihal Singh Attariwala and Hari Singh Nalwa accompanied by seven paltans and the topkhana went towards Mahmudkot.[53] When news of its conquest arrived, it left the Maharaja so elated at the success of Sikh arms that he celebrated this victory with the firing of cannons. Two years later, on their way to Multan, the Sikhs captured the forts of Khangarh and Muzzaffargarh.[57]
Battle of Multan (1818)
By 1818, Muzaffar Khan's resources had been looted by Ranjit Singh in his previous expeditions of Multan.[58] He again ordered the Sikhs to march towards Multan. As soon as the order was received, a force of 15,000 Sikhs clashed between a force of 40,000 Afghans. Another force of 10,000 Sikhs under Dhena Singh reinforced the Sikhs.[59] Muzaffar Khan challenged the Sikhs with a sword valiantly but was shot down with five of his sons.[60] Hari Singh Nalwa was "chiefly instrumental" in the capture of the citadel.[61] The famous Zamzama was badly damaged in the siege.[62] The Sikhs finally captured the city after six attempts.[63][64] In the siege 1,900 Sikhs were killed and 4,000 wounded. The Afghans had 12,000 men killed.[65]
Peshawar becomes tributary (1818)
When Shah Mahmud's son, Shah Kamran, killed their Barakzai Vazir Fateh Khan in August 1818 the Sikhs took advantage of the resulting confusion and their army formally forded the Indus and entered Peshawar, the summer capital of the Kingdom of Kabul (modern-day Afghanistan), for the first time. Thereafter, Hari Singh Nalwa was deputed towards Peshawar in order to keep the Sikh dabdaba kayam — maintain the pressure.[66]
Mitha Tiwana
Hari Singh Nalwa was left at the suburbs of
Capture of Kashmir
In 1819 Maharaja
Once the Sikh forces reached the Behram Pass, the Durrani-appointed
On 5 July 1819, the Sikh army attempted to march through Shopian to Srinagar but was stopped by a Durrani army headed by Jabbar Khan.[70] The Durrani force had heavily entrenched itself in preparation for the Sikh artillery attack and brought heavy artillery, which the Sikhs were unprepared for because they had brought only light guns.[73]
Once his artillery was in range, Misr Diwan Chand opened the battle with an
Battle of Pakhli (1819)
Following the capture of Kashmir, tribute was due from
Battle of Mangal (1821)
The Maharaja summoned Nalwa to pay his tax. He marched by
Battle of Mankera (1822)
The
Nawab Hafiz Ahmed's predecessor, Nawab Mohammed Khan, had formed a cordon around Mankera with 12 forts—Haidrabad, Maujgarh, Fatehpur, Pipal, Darya Khan, Khanpur, Jhandawala, Kalor, Dulewala, Bhakkar, Dingana and Chaubara. The Sikh army occupied these forts and soon the only place that remained to be conquered was Mankera itself. A few years earlier, the Nawab of Mankera had actively participated in the reduction of Mitha Tiwana. The Tiwanas, now feudatories of Hari Singh Nalwa, were eager participants in returning that favour to the Nawab. The force was divided into three parts—one column being under Hari Singh—and each column entered the Mankera territory by a different route; capturing various places en route all three columns rejoined near Mankera town. Mankera was besieged, with Nalwa's force being on the west of the fort.[84]
The Nawab was allowed to proceed towards Dera Ismail Khan, which was granted to him as jagir.[85] His descendants held the area until 1836.
Battle of Nowshera (Naushehra) (1823)
The Sikhs forayed into Peshawar for the first time in 1818, but did not occupy the territory. They were content with collecting tribute from Yar Mohammed, its Barakzai governor. Azim Khan, Yar Mohammed's half-brother in Kabul, totally disapproved of the latter's deference to the Sikhs and decided to march down at the head of a large force to vindicate the honour of the Afghans. Azim Khan wanted to avenge both, the supplication of his Peshawar brethren and the loss of Kashmir. Hari Singh Nalwa was the first to cross the Indus at Attock to the Sikh post of Khairabad; he was accompanied by Diwan Kirpa Ram and Khalsa Sher Singh, the Maharaja's teenaged son, beside 8,000 men.
The Afghan army was expected near
After Hari Singh had successfully reduced the Afghan tribal strongholds on either side of the river, Ranjit Singh departed from the fort of Attock. He crossed the Landai River at a ford below Akora, and set up his camp near the fort of Jehangira. The famous army commander Akali
Battle of Sirikot (1824)
Sirikot lay less than ten miles to the north-west of Haripur. This Mashwani village was strategically placed in a basin at the top of the north-east end of the Gandhgarh Range, which made its secure location a haven for the rebellious chiefs in the entire region. Hari Singh Nalwa went towards Sirikot before the rains of 1824. It was another six months before the attempt produced conclusive results. The Sardar almost lost his life in the course of this expedition. Ranjit Singh's military campaign for the winter of 1824 was scheduled towards Peshawar and Kabul. While stationed at Wazirabad, he received an arzi (written petition) from Sardar Hari Singh[88] informing him that he and his men were overwhelmingly outnumbered – one Sikh to ten Afghans. Ranjit Singh marched to [Rohtas], from there to [Rawalpindi] and via [Sarai Kala] reached Sirikot. With news of the approach of the Sikh army, the Afghans withdrew. [citation needed]
Battle of Saidu (1827)
The redeemer of the Yusafzais came in the form of one Sayyid Ahmad [1], who despite being a 'Hindki' was accepted as a leader by them. Budh Singh Sandhanwalia, accompanied by 4,000 horsemen, was deputed towards Attock to assist in suppressing the Yusafzai rebellion. The Maharaja's brief required him to thereafter to proceed towards Peshawar and collect tribute from Yar Mohammed Khan Barakzai. Budh Singh first heard of the Sayyid after he had crossed the Indus and encamped near the fort of Khairabad. Ranjit Singh was still on the sickbed when the news of the Sayyid's arrival, at the head of a large force of the Yusafzai peasantry, reached him. The gallantry of the Yusafzai defence in the Battle of Nowshera was still vivid in his mind. On receiving this news, he immediately put into motion all the forces that he could muster and immediately dispatched them towards the frontier.
The Barakzais in Peshawar, though outwardly professing allegiance to the Sikhs, were in reality in league with the other Afghans. The Sayyid marched from Peshawar in the direction of Nowshera. Sardar Budh Singh wrote to the Sayyid seeking for a clarification of his intention. The Sayyid replied that he wished to first take the fort of Attock and then engage Budh Singh in battle.[53]
Hari Singh Nalwa stood guard at the fort of Attock with the intention of keeping the Sayyid and his men from crossing the river until reinforcements arrived from Lahore. News had reached the Sikhs that the jihadis accompanying the Sayyid numbered several thousand. The battle between the Sayyid and the Sikhs was fought on 14 Phagun (23 February) 1827. The action commenced at about ten in the morning. The Muslim war cry of Allah hu Akbar, or "God is the greatest", was answered by the Sikhs with Bole so nihal, Sat Sri Akal, or "they who affirm the name of God, the only immortal truth, will find fulfilment". Ironically, the opposing forces first professed the glory of the very same God Almighty, albeit in different languages, before they commenced slaughtering each other. The cannonade lasted about two hours. The Sikhs charged at their opponents, routed them, and continued a victorious pursuit for six miles, taking all their guns, swivels and camp equipment. 150,000.[89][90][91]
Occupies Peshawar (1834)
The occupation of the great city of Peshawar and its ruinous fort, the Bala Hisar was a reflection of Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa's formidable reputation in the region. Masson arrived in Peshawar just in time to see the Sikhs take control of the city. His eyewitness' account reports that the Afghans withdrew from the region and Hari Singh Nalwa occupied Peshawar without conflict.[92]
Dost Mohammad Khan withdraws (1835)
Hari Singh Nalwa was the governor of Peshawar when Dost Mohammed personally came at the head of a large force to challenge the Sikhs. Following his victory against Shah Shuja at Kandahar, in the first quarter of 1834, Dost Mohammed declared himself padshah (king), gave a call for jihad and set off from Kabul to wrest Peshawar from the Sikhs. Ranjit Singh directed his generals to amuse the Afghans with negotiations and to win over Sultan Mohammed Khan. He directed them that on no account, even if attacked, were they to enter into a general engagement until his arrival.[93]
Early skirmishes began in December 1834, which saw Akbar Khan, the son of Dost Mohammad Khan, fight engagements with different Sikh outposts, in one such engagement, defeating Hari Singh Nalwa, leaving around 150 Sikhs dead and wounded, and forcing him to withdraw to Peshawar.[94]
Ranjit Singh chose intrigue rather than facing the Afghans in battle and began sending negotiation efforts to Dost Mohammad Khan. However, the true intentions of this were to divide Dost Mohammad Khan's supporters with bribes, prominently, Sultan Mohammad Khan. Josiah Harlan and Faqir Aziz were sent to the camp of Dost Mohammad, who plotted intrigue in the Afghan camp, including making some of his supporters and brothers jealous of the powerful position Dost Mohammad Khan held. This led to Sultan Mohammad's withdrawal from the camp at night with over 10,000 men, as this force defected to the Sikh camp. This sent the Afghan camp into disarray.[95]
The French division under Jean-François Allard, Paolo Avitabile, Claude Auguste Court and Jean-Baptiste Ventura commanded 20 to 22,000 men who marched very slowly and suitably towards the left flank of Dost Mohammad Khan's army. The main Sikh army led by Hari Singh Nalwa, Gulab Singh, Misr Sukh Raj, Tej Singh, Attar Singh Sandhanwalia, Khushal Singh, Dhian Singh, Jawala Singh, Lehna Singh Majithia and Maharaja Ranjit Singh numbered 60–80,000 and approached Dost Mohammad Khan's center and right side.[96]
Dost Mohammad Khan rejected a truce with the Sikhs. He withdrew at night with his troops and Ghazis, believing that he was being surrounded and having faced a bad omen with the stirrup of a horse, the Afghans withdrew and took all their ammunition and guns with them.[97][98][99]
Battle of Michni
Once Hari Singh Nalwa was hunting in the area near Michni with 100 horsemen when a Hindu came up with a complaint about how Dela Khan of Michni had stolen his spouse.[100] Later more Hindus came to tell Nalwa about the atrocities of the Khan. Learning about all of this Hari Singh Nalwa agreed to help the Hindus.[101]
He along with his 100 horsemen attacked the Khan's residence in night. Dela Khan outnumbered him having an army of 5,000 but for the first half of the battle, he only fought with 500.[100] There are 2 accounts of what happened next. The first one refers that Dela Khan was slain in the battle and later his son attacked the Sikhs with the rest of the army, who also died.[102] The other one says that the Khan apologized and offered to return the bride, only to be punished.[103]
The bride was returned to her husband and they both converted into the religion of Sikhism. The bride was Bibi Harsharan Kaur, a Sikh who was later important during Hari Singh Nalwa's martyr.[101][102]
Jamrud (Khyber Pass) (1836)
In October 1836 following the Dussehra celebrations in Amritsar, Hari Singh made a sudden attack on the village of Jamrud, at the mouth of the Khyber Pass. The Misha Khel Khyberis, the owners of this village, were renowned for their excellent marksmanship and total lack of respect for any authority. Hari Singh Nalwa's first encounter with this tribe had taken place following the Battle of Nowshera when he had pursued the fleeing Azim Khan; and once again, when he chased Dost Mohammed Khan in 1835.[104]
The occupation of Jamrud was rather strongly contested but it appeared that the place was taken by surprise. On its capture, Hari Singh Nalwa gave instructions to fortify the position without delay. A small existing fort was immediately put into repair. News of this event was immediately transmitted to Kabul. Masson informed Wade of the passage of events along this frontier in a letter dated 31 October 1836. With the conquest of Jamrud, at the very mouth of the Khyber,[93] the frontier of the Sikh Empire now bordered the foothills of the Hindu Kush Mountains.[105]
Panjtaar defeated (1836)
Hari Singh Nalwa accompanied by Kanwar Sher Singh, now proceeded towards the Yusafzai strongholds, north-east of Peshawar, which had withheld tribute for three years. The Sikhs defeated the Yusafzais, with their chief, Fateh Khan of Panjtar, losing his territory.[106] It was reported that 15,000 mulkia fled before the Sikhs, many being killed and the remaining taking refuge in the hills. After burning and levelling Panjtar to the ground, Hari Singh returned to Peshawar realising all the arrears of revenue. Fateh Khan was obliged to sign an agreement to pay tribute on which condition Panjtar was released.[53] When news of the conquest of Panjtar reached the Court of Lahore, a display of fireworks was proposed.[4]
Battle of Jamrud (1837)
The Maharaja's grandson, Nau Nihal Singh was getting married in March 1837. Troops had been withdrawn from all over the Punjab to put up a show of strength for the British Commander-in-chief who was invited to the wedding. Dost Mohammed Khan had been invited to the great celebration.[107] Hari Singh Nalwa too was supposed to be at Amritsar, but in reality was in Peshawar (some accounts say he was ill[108]) Dost Mohammed had ordered his army to march towards Jamrud together with five sons and his chief advisors with orders not to engage with the Sikhs, but more as a show of strength and try and wrest the forts of Shabqadar, Jamrud and Peshawar.[109] Hari Singh had also been instructed not to engage with the Afghans till reinforcements arrived from Lahore.[107] Hari Singh's lieutenant, Mahan Singh, was in the fortress of Jamrud with 600 men and limited supplies. Hari Singh was in the strong fort of Peshawar. He was forced to go to the rescue of his men who were surrounded from every side by the Afghan forces, without water in the small fortress. Though the Sikhs were totally outnumbered, presence of Hari Singh Nalwa put the Afghan army into panic. In the melee, Hari Singh Nalwa was grievously wounded.[107] Before he died, he told his lieutenant not to let the news of his death out till the arrival of reinforcements, which is what he did. While the Afghans knew that Hari Singh had been wounded, they waited for over a week doing nothing, till the news of his death was confirmed. The Afghans withdrew after witnessing Nalwa's body hung outside the fort.[110] Hari Singh Nalwa had not only defended Jamrud and Peshawar, but had prevented the Afghans from ravaging the entire north-west frontier, in turn was not able to invade Afghanistan himself. The loss of Hari Singh Nalwa was irreparable and this Sikh defeat was costly for that precise reason.[111][112]
The victories in battles that were achieved over the Afghans, were a favourite topic of conversation for Ranjit Singh. He was to immortalise these by ordering a shawl from Kashmir at the record price of Rs 5000, in which were depicted the scenes of the battles fought with them.[107] Following the death of Hari Singh Nalwa, no further conquests were made in this direction. The Khyber Pass continued as the Sikh frontier till the annexation of the Punjab by the British.[113]
Administrator
Hari Singh's administrative rule covered one-third of the Sikh Empire. He served as the governor of Kashmir (1820–21), Greater Hazara (1822–1837) and was twice appointed the Governor of Peshawar (1834-5 & 1836-his death). He worked closely with 2nd in command of the Khalsa Army, the Sikh Brahmin[114] 'Raja Mahan Singh Mirpuri' on many affairs related to administration.[115]
In his private capacity, Hari Singh Nalwa was required to administer his vast jagir spread all over the kingdom.
In Kashmir, however, Sikh rule was generally considered oppressive,
The Sikh rule in lands dominated for centuries by Muslims was an exception in the political history of the latter. To be ruled by '
Diplomatic mission
In 1831, Hari Singh Nalwa was deputed to head a diplomatic mission to
Death
Hari Singh Nalwa Sahib was severely wounded while fighting the forces of Dost Mohammad Khan of Afghanistan.[130] He died of his injuries and was cremated in the Jamrud Fort built at the mouth of the Khyber Pass in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. According to Afghan chronicle Siraj al-Tawarikh, he was killed in a duel with Wazir Akbar Khan.[131] According to historian Hari Ram Gupta, Hari Singh Nalwa rallied his men and rode to the front where he was struck by two bullets and later died after being rushed inside the fort.[132] Babu Gajju Mall Kapur, a Hindu resident of Peshawar, commemorated his memory by building a memorial in the fort in 1892.[133]
Legacy
Nalwa was also a builder. At least 56 buildings were attributed to him, which included forts, ramparts, towers, gurdwaras, tanks, samadhis, temples, mosques, towns, havelis, sarais and gardens.
Nalwa contributed to the prosperity of Gujranwala, which he was given as a jagir sometime after 1799,[138] which he held till his death in 1837.
He built all the main Sikh forts in the trans-Indus region of
A religious man, Nalwa built
Following Hari Singh Nalwa's death, his sons Jawahir Singh Nalwa and Arjan Singh Nalwa[note 2] fought against the British to protect the sovereignty of the Kingdom of the Sikhs, with the former being noted for his defence in the Battle of Chillianwala.[citation needed]
See also
- Bajirao
- Banda Singh Bahadur
Popular culture
Hari Singh Nalwa's life became a popular theme for martial ballads. His earliest biographers were poets, including Qadir Bakhsh urf Kadaryar,[150] Misr Hari Chand urf Qadaryaar[151] and Ram Dayal,[152] all in the 19th century.
In the 20th century, the song
On 30 April 2013 the Indian Minister of Communications Kapil Sibal released a commemorative postage stamp honouring Hari Singh, marking the 176th anniversary of his death.[154][155]
Hari Singh Nalwa Champion of the Khalsaji 1791–1837, a biography by Vanit Nalwa – a direct descendant of the general – was published in 2009. It is being adapted into an Indian feature film by Prabhleen Kaur of Almighty Motion Picture.[156]
Hari Singh Nalwa is the subject of Punjabi singer Sidhu Moose Wala's song, Vaar. The song was released on November 8, 2022, to align with the 553rd birth anniversary of Guru Nanak. The song marked Sidhu's second posthumous release, and garnered 1.5 million YouTube views within the first 30 minutes of its release.[157]
In September 2023, a depiction of Hari Singh Nalwa was imprinted on official sweater merchandise of the Dallas Cowboys football team as part of the Carpe Omnia ('seize everything') theme for the upcoming sports season.[158][159]
Notes
- ^ Note Sukerchakria family was mentioned as Jat ethnic background from Manjha area,Hari singh Nalwa Earlier Scholar source Earlier Describe him a Jat [26] Although later Historian such as Autar sandhu tried to attempt To portray him from Khatri background[27]
- ^ Sohan Lal Suri identifies Jawahir Singh Nalwa and Arjan Singh Nalwa.[147]
References
Citations
- ^ a b c Sandhu (1935), p. 4
- ^ a b c d Singhia (2009), p. 96
- ISBN 978-1-59884-760-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-7304-785-5.
- ^ Gupta 1978, p. 75.
- ^ Johar 1982, p. 51.
- ^ Jaques 2007, p. 81
- ^ Chhabra 1960, p. 201.
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 15
- ^ Chhabra 1960, p. 78.
- ^ Sandhu 1935, p. 17.
- ^ Johar 1982, p. 76.
- ^ Nayyar 1995, p. 96.
- ^ a b Sandhu 1935, p. 31.
- ^ a b c Gupta 1978, p. 152.
- ^ Sandhu 1935, p. 32.
- ^ Johar 1982, p. 117.
- ^ Sandhu 1935, p. 40.
- ^ Johar 1982, p. 119.
- ^ Johar 1982, p. 120.
- ^ Sandhu 1935, p. 43.
- ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
- ^ Gupta 1978, p. 178.
- ^ Herrli (2004), pp. 122–123
- ^ Johar, Surinder Singh (1982). Hari Singh Nalwa. Sagar. p. 13.
Hari Singh was born in 1791 to Dharam Kaur, wife of Sardar Gurdial Singh Upera, a Kamedan in the army of Sardar Mahan Singh, father of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
- ^ Falcon, Captain R. W. "Handbook on Sikhs for the use of regimental officers,". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
Originally Jats from the Manjha, this family is celebrated as Sardar Ichra that of the famous Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa, the bravest of the Singh, Nalwa. Sikhs, whose name is still remembered in the Peshawar Valley. Ichra Singh is his grandson. The family is now a small one.
- ^ a b Sandhu 1935, p. 1Reference: "They were Uppal Khatrees by caste."
- ^ Falcon 1880, p. 137References: "Originally Jat from Manjha."
- ^ Johar 1982, p. 13..
- ^ a b Sandhu (1935), pp. 2–3
- ^ Kapur & Singh 2001, p. 167.
- ^ Sandhu 1935, p. 256; Sachdeva 1993.
- ^ Nalwa (2009), p. 273.
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 5
- ^ Allen 2000, p. 39; Kaur 2004, p. intro..
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 6
- ^ Singh (1976), p. 36
- ^ a b Gupta 1991, pp. 106.
- ISBN 978-93-5150-504-4.
- ^ Griffin 1890, pp. 82.
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 8
- ^ Nayyar 1995, pp. 83.
- ^ Epilogue. Epilogue. p. 51.
- ^ Panikkar, K. M. (1930), Gulab Singh, London: Martin Hopkinson Ltd
- ISBN 978-1-84904-622-0.
- ^ Gupta 1991, pp. 233.
- ^ Chhabra 1962, pp. 193.
- ^ Gupta 1991, pp. 108.
- ^ Singh 2004, pp. 100.
- ISBN 978-93-5150-504-4.
- ^ Singh (1976), p. 37
- ^ Nayyar (1995), pp. 89–90
- ^ ISBN 978-1-304-97715-1.
- ^ Singh 1946, p. 46; Singh 1965, p. 43.
- ^ Sandhu (1935), pp. 14–16
- ^ a b Sandhu 1935, p. 9.
- ^ Nayyar (1995), p. 88
- ^ Gupta 1991, pp. 109–110.
- ^ Rachhpal Singh Gill. Punjab Kosh. Vol. 2. p. 170.
- ^ Chhabra 1962, pp. 58.
- ^ Nayyar 1995, pp. 37.
- ^ The legendary Zamzama By Subhash Parihar
- ^ Cavalry Journal. Vol. 8. 1913. p. 179.
- ISBN 978-0-9778372-0-5.
- ISBN 81-7647-110-0.
- ^ Singh 2001, p. 34; Singh 1976, pp. 56–57.
- ISBN 978-1-136-79029-4.
- ^ Nalwa (2009), p. 45; Gupta (1991), p. 128.
- ^ a b c d e Johar (2000)
- ^ a b c Gupta 1991, p. 129.
- ^ Prinsep (1846), p. 51
- ^ a b Johar 1985, pp. 129–130.
- ^ Chopra (1928), p. 25
- ^ Sikh Missionary College, p. 19
- ^ Gupta 1991, p. 130.
- ^ Khan 1962, p. 78.
- ^ Madan 2008, p. 68.
- ^ Sandhu 1935, pp. 16.
- ^ Gazetteer of the Hazara District 1883-4 [Punjab]. Punjab Government. 1884. pp. 23–25.
- ISBN 978-1-304-97715-1.
- ^ Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa. Sikh Missionary College. 2014. pp. 9–10.
- ^ The Sikh Review Volume 23. University of Michigan. 1975. p. 23.
- ISBN 978-1-304-97715-1.
- ^ a b Singh (1976), p. 38
- ^ Singh (2001), p. 138
- ^ Singh 1965, p. 78.
- ^ Singh (1976), pp. 38–39
- ^ "The Akhbars". (11 March 1825). The Times, London
- ^ Singh (1976), p. 40
- ^ Shaheed, Shah Ismail. "Strengthening of the Faith – English – Shah Ismail Shaheed". IslamHouse.com. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ "Shah Ismail Shaheed". Rekhta. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ Sandhu (1935), pp. 50–51
- ^ a b Singh (1976), p. 41
- ^ Sandhu 1935, p. 62.
- ^ Sandhu 1935, p. 64-66.
- ^ George Buist (1843). Outline of the Operations of the British Troops in Scinde and Afghanistan. p. 9.
- ^ Joseph Davey Cunningham (1843). A History of the Sikhs, from the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej. p. 9.
- ^ Syed Waheeduddin (1843). The Real Ranjit Singhj. p. 9.
- ISBN 978-1-4907-1447-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-237-7108-3.
- ^ a b Sandhu 1935, pp. 68–69.
- ^ a b Sohan Singh Seetal. Dhadi Varaan. p. 429.
- ^ Sandhu 1935, p. 68-69.
- ^ Sachdeva 1993, pp. 54–57.
- ^ "Meet Hari Singh Nalwa – The Sikh Commander Who Was The Most Feared Warrior in Afghanistan". IndiaTimes. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ Nayyar (1995), p. 152
- ^ ISBN 978-1-304-97715-1.
- ^ Singh (2001), p. 193
- ^ Waheeduddin (2001), p. 74
- ^ Singh (1976), p. 45
- ^ Singh (1976), pp. 45–46
- ^ Singh (2001), p. 194
- ^ Mathews (2010), pp. 15, 24
- ISBN 978-0-12-513908-3, retrieved 25 January 2023
- ^ The history of the Muhiyals: The militant Brahman race of India'' (English,1911) by T.P. Russell Stracey
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 123
- ^ Singh (1994), p. 98
- ^ "Sikh general Hari Singh Nalwa's life to be adapted into a web series". The New Indian Express. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ Madan (2008), p. 15
- ^ a b c Zutshi (2003), pp. 39–41
- ^ a b Schofield (2010), pp. 5–6
- ^ Singh (1994), p. 100
- ^ Sufi (1974), p. 750
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 13
- ^ Kapur & Singh 2001.
- ^ Zutshi 2003.
- ^ Singh (1976), pp. 53–54
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 98
- ^ Singh 1976, p. 78.
- ISBN 978-0-307-94853-3.
- ^ Dalrymple 2012, p. 89.
- ISBN 978-81-215-0515-4.
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 85
- ^ Sachdeva (1993), pp. 74–80
- ^ Kapur & Singh (2001), p. 163
- ^ Singh (1994), p. 99
- ^ Tehsils & Unions in the District of Haripur – Government of Pakistan Archived 24 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Singh (1994), pp. 51–52, 87
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 124
- ^ Jaffar (1945), p. 123
- ^ Jaffar (1945), pp. 97, 119
- ^ Jaffar (1945), p. 121
- ^ Singh (1994), p. 102
- ^ Sufi (1974), p. 729
- ^ Khan (1962), p. 17
- ^ Kaur (2004), p. 214
- ^ Nalwa (2009), p. 278
- ^ "Ace shooter Abhinav Bindra is a mama's boy". Hindustan Times. 17 August 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "Surprised, it took so long... hope it's changed forever now: Bindra - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ Tahir (1988)
- ^ Singh (1965)
- ^ Singh (1946)
- YouTube
- ^ "Hari Singh Nalwa" (PDF). indiapost.gov.in. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ Prashant H. Pandya (1 May 2013). Indian Philately Digest. Indian Philatelists' Forum. p. 1.
- IANS.
- ^ "Sidhu Moosewala's new song 'Vaar' released on Gurpurb lauds Sikh valour; gets 1.5 million hits in 30 minutes". The Tribune. 8 November 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ^ Monet, Jazz (7 September 2023). "Carpe omnia: Dallas Cowboys intend to 'seize everything' in 2023". Inside The Star. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ Kaur, Kamaljit (7 September 2023). "ਅਮਰੀਕਾ 'ਚ ਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ ਫੁੱਟਬਾਲ ਲੀਗ ਦੀ ਟੀਮ Dallas Cowboys ਨੇ ਜਰਸੀ 'ਤੇ ਲਗਾਈ ਜਰਨੈਲ ਹਰੀ ਸਿੰਘ ਨਲੂਆ ਦੀ ਤਸਵੀਰ" [Dallas Cowboys team of the National Football League in America put the picture of General Hari Singh Nalua on the jersey]. Rozana Spokesman (in Punjabi). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
Sources
- ISBN 0-349-11456-0
- Caroe, Olaf (1958), The Pathans 550BC-AD1957, London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd.
- Chhabra, G.S (1960), Advanced study in History of the Punjab vol.2, Sharanjit
- Chhabra, G.S. (1962), Advanced Study in the History of Modern India, vol. 2, Sharanjit
- Chopra, Gulshan Lall (1928), The Panjab as a Sovereign State, Lahore: Uttar Chand Kapur and Sons
- Griffin, Lepel Henry (1890), The Punjab Chiefs, Sang-e-Meel, ISBN 978-969-35-1658-6
- Gupta, Hari Ram (1991), History Of The Sikhs Vol. V The Sikh Lion of Lahore (Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839), Munshiram Manoharlal, ISBN 978-81-215-0515-4
- Herrli, Hans (2004), The Coins of the Sikhs (Reprinted ed.), Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, ISBN 81-215-1132-1
- Jaffar, S. M. (1945), Peshawar: Past and Present, Peshawar: S. Muhammad Sadiq Khan
- Johar, Surinder Singh (1985), The Secular Maharaja: A Biography of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Manas, ISBN 978-0-8364-1543-8
- Johar, Surinder Singh (December 2000), "Annexation of Kashmir to the Sikh Kingdom", The Sikh Review, The Sikh Cultural Center, Calcutta
- Kapur, P. S.; Singh, S. (2001), "A Forward Base in the Tribal Areas", in Kapur, P. S.; Dharam, Singh (eds.), Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Patiala: Punjabi University
- Kaur, Madanjit (2004) [First published 1983], The Golden Temple: Past and Present (Revised ed.), Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University, ISBN 978-0-8364-1325-0
- Khan, Mohammad Waliullah (1962), Sikh Shrines in West Pakistan, Karachi: Department of Archaeology Ministry of Education and Information, Government of Pakistan, ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1
- ISBN 978-81-7304-751-0
- Mathews, M. M. (2010), An Ever Present Danger, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, ISBN 978-0-9841901-3-3
- Nalwa, Vanit (2009), Hari Singh Nalwa – Champion of the Khalsaji, New Delhi: Manohar, ISBN 978-81-7304-785-5
- Nayyar, G. S. (1995), The Campaigns of General Hari Singh Nalwa, Patiala: Punjabi University, ISBN 978-81-7380-141-9
- ISBN 978-1-142-34278-4
- Sachdeva, Krishan Lal (1993), "Hari Singh Nalwa – A Great Builder", in Kapur, P. S. (ed.), Perspectives on Hari Singh Nalwa, Jalandhar: ABS Publications, ISBN 81-7072-056-7
- Sandhu, Autar Singh (1935), General Hari Singh Nalwa, Lahore: Cunningham Historical Society
- Schofield, Victoria (2010), Kashmir in conflict: India, Pakistan and the unending war, London: I. B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1-84885-105-4
- Akali Baba Phool Singh Ji (PDF), Jalandhar: Sikh Missionary College
- Singh, Ganda (1946), Panjab Dian Waran (Ballads of the Panjab), Amritsar: Author
- Singh, Ganda (1965), Si-harfian Hari Singh Nalwa by Missar Hari Chand 'Kadiryar', Patiala: Punjabi University
- Singh, Gulcharan (October 1976), "General Hari Singh Nalwa", The Sikh Review, 24 (274): 36–54
- Singh, Khushwant (2001) [First published 1962], Ranjit Singh Maharaja of the Punjab, New Delhi: Penguin Books India, ISBN 978-0-14-100684-0
- Singh, Kirpal (1994), Historical Study of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Times, Delhi: National Book Shop, ISBN 978-81-7116-163-8
- Singh, Khushwant (2004), A History Of The Sikhs, Vol. 1, 1469-1839, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-567308-1
- Singhia, H. S. (2009), The encyclopaedia of Sikhism, New Delhi: Hemkunt Press
- Sufi, G. M. D. (1974) [First published 1948–1949], Kashir Being a History of Kashmir From the Earliest Times to Our Own, vol. 2 (Reprinted ed.), New Delhi: Life and Light Publishers
- Tahir, M. Athar (1988), Qadir Yar: a critical introduction, Lahore: Pakistan Punjabi Adabi Board, ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1
- Waheeduddin, F. S. (2001) [First published 1965], The Real Ranjit Singh (Second ed.), Karachi: Lion Art Press
- Zutshi, Chitralekha (2003), Language of belonging: Islam, regional identity, and the making of Kashmir, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-521939-5
Further reading
- Dial, Ram (1946). "Jangnama Sardar Hari Singh". In Singh, Ganda (ed.). Punjab Dian Varan. Amritsar: Author.
- Hoti Mardan, Prem Singh (1950) [First published 1937]. Jivan-itihas Sardar Hari Singh-ji Nalua – Life of the Sikh General Hari Singh Nalua (Revised, reprinted ed.). Amritsar: Lahore Book Shop.
- NWFP Gazetteers – Peshawar District. Lahore: Punjab Government. 1931.
- Singh, Ganda (1966). A Bibliography of the Punjab. Patiala: Punjabi University.
- Niara, Gurabacana (1995). The Campaigns of Hari Singh Nalwa. Punjabi University. Publication Bureau.