Jennifer Granholm
Jennifer Granholm | |
---|---|
16th United States Secretary of Energy | |
Assumed office February 25, 2021 | |
President | Joe Biden |
Deputy | David Turk |
Preceded by | Dan Brouillette |
47th Governor of Michigan | |
In office January 1, 2003 – January 1, 2011 | |
Lieutenant | John D. Cherry |
Preceded by | John Engler |
Succeeded by | Rick Snyder |
51st Attorney General of Michigan | |
In office January 1, 1999 – January 1, 2003 | |
Governor | John Engler |
Preceded by | Frank J. Kelley |
Succeeded by | Mike Cox |
Personal details | |
Born | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | February 5, 1959
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse |
Daniel Mulhern (m. 1986) |
Children | 3 |
Residence(s) | Detroit, Michigan, U.S. Washington, D.C., U.S. |
Education | University of California, Berkeley (BA) Harvard University (JD) |
Signature | |
Jennifer Mulhern Granholm (born February 5, 1959) is a
Born in
In 1998, Granholm ran for attorney general of Michigan, defeating Republican nominee
Granholm was a member of
After President-elect
Early life and education
Granholm was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, to Shirley Alfreda (née Dowden) and Victor Ivar Granholm,[6] both bank tellers.[7] Granholm's maternal grandparents came from Ireland and Newfoundland, respectively.[7] Her paternal grandfather was Hugo "Anders" Granholm, who immigrated to Penny, British Columbia, Canada, in the late 1920s from Robertsfors, Sweden, where his father was the mayor.[8] The former Minister for Enterprise and Energy and former Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden, Maud Olofsson, lives in Robertsfors, and when the two met in Sweden, the media revealed that Olofsson's husband is a relative of Granholm.[9] Her paternal grandmother was Judith Olivia Henriette (Solstad) Granholm, an emigrant from Gjerstad in Southern Norway. She came with the ship SS Bergensfjord from Oslo to Halifax, and from there she took the railway to Penny, British Columbia, where her uncles and several others had established a small logging village.[10]
Granholm's family immigrated to
In 1980, at age 21, she became a
Early career
After graduating from Harvard Law School, Granholm clerked for Judge
Michigan Attorney General (1999–2003)
1998 election
Thirty-seven-year Democratic Attorney General Frank J. Kelley chose not to run for a 10th term in 1998 and Granholm entered the race to succeed him. Unopposed for the Democratic nomination, she faced Republican John Smietanka, the 1994 nominee and former U.S. attorney for the Western District of Michigan, in the general election. The campaign began as a relatively friendly one,[16] with both agreeing that they wanted to expand the Internet Crimes Unit, start neighbourhood-based crime-fighting programmes and continue working as a consumer advocate, as Kelley had done.[16]
However, the race turned bitter in mid-September, when Smietanka ran television ads that called Granholm an "inexperienced" and "dangerous" liberal.[15] He also tried to link Granholm to Democratic gubernatorial nominee Geoffrey Fieger's crime plan, which called for greater emphasis on rehabilitation for non-violent criminals and shortening their prison terms.[15] Granholm, who had disavowed Fieger's crime plan the day it was released, said the claim was "a lie, just a lie" and that as attorney general, "you are the person who is to protect the consumer from deceitful ads."[15] Asked what separated her from Smietanka, Granholm replied, "Besides honesty?"[15] Kelley also came to Granholm's defence, starring in an advertisement where he called Smietanka's ads "garbage" and a "con" and accused him of running a "dishonest campaign".[15][17] For his part, Smietanka was angered by Democratic advertisements that referred to late child support payments he had made and claimed that he had lied about how much of his own money he donated to his campaign.[18]
After a close race, with polls showing the two candidates with virtually identical votes,[15][16] Granholm defeated Smietanka by 1,557,310 votes (52.09%) to 1,432,604 (47.91%).[19] After Granholm was elected governor in 2002, arguments arose between Smietanka and then-Republican Governor John Engler about who was most responsible for Granholm's meteoric rise in Michigan politics. Smietanka blamed Engler for trying to force him out of the 1998 race in favour of G. Scott Romney, for dredging up the issue of his missed child support payments and for not supporting him more fully after he defeated Romney at the Republican convention. Engler countered that Smietanka was a weak candidate who should have stepped aside for Romney, who would have beaten the inexperienced Granholm; she would then not have had a launch pad for her gubernatorial campaign in 2002.[20][21]
Tenure
Granholm was sworn into office on January 1, 1999, becoming the first female attorney general of Michigan.[18] She served a single term, from 1999 to 2003. In office, she continued Kelley's work on protecting citizens and consumers' rights and established Michigan's first High Tech Crime Unit, appointing Terrence Berg as its first chief.[22]
In April 1999, Granholm announced a lawsuit against RVP Development, builders of the Arcadia Bluffs Golf Course, alleging that poor construction of the course had led to illegal discharges of sediment into Lake Michigan from erosion following heavy storms in 1998, which had "turned a ravine into a ravaged gorge".[23] Development company President Richard Postma refused to pay the $425,000 of state fines, saying he had made moves to stop the erosion and accused Granholm of trying to make him "a poster child for her campaign of the future". Granholm responded that his "perception of the political landscape in Michigan is as poor as his ability to construct a golf landscape".[24] After years of negotiations and legal wrangling,[25][26][27] the lawsuit was settled in August 2003, with RVP Development agreeing to pay a $125,000 fine.[28]
During her tenure as Attorney General, Granholm became a harsh critic of the annual tradition at
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Granholm directed state agencies to work with lawmakers in keeping the fight against terrorism within the powers of the state. She also imposed a regulation on gasoline dealers to keep them from raising prices dramatically, something which occurred sporadically across Michigan immediately following the attacks. In February 2002, Granholm announced that her office was joining with the AARP Michigan State Office to help consumers fight calls from telemarketers.[31]
Governor of Michigan (2003–2011)
2002 election
In the 2002 election, incumbent Republican governor
Granholm, seen by many as a "fresh face" after the 12-year Engler administration, raised more money than Blanchard and Bonior and consistently led them in polls by large margins.[33] Her campaign led to increased turnout among women[34] and she comfortably won the Democratic primary with 499,129 votes (47.69%) to Bonior's 292,958 (27.99%) and Blanchard's 254,586 (24.32%).[35]
Granholm was the heavy favorite in the general election, boasting strong support from working women, African-Americans and voters under 30 years of age.[36] She campaigned on her record on crime and was seen as more charismatic than Posthumus.[36] Despite the 2002 elections being a good year for Republicans nationwide, who gained control of the U.S. Senate and increased their hold on the U.S. House, Granholm defeated Posthumus by 1,633,796 votes (51.42%) to 1,506,104 (47.40%).[37]
First term (2003–2007)
Granholm was sworn in as the 47th governor of the state of Michigan on January 1, 2003. Upon her inauguration, in addition to becoming the state's first female governor, she also became its third governor who was not a
Granholm emphasized Michigan's need to attract young people and businesses via the
During Granholm's first year in office, she made a significant number of budget cuts to deal with a $1.7 billion deficit (about two percent of the annual state budget). She was upset by proposals to cut state funding to social welfare programs, such as
Granholm has been a proponent of education reform since the first year of her term. In her first State of the State Address in 2003, Granholm announced Project Great Start to focus on reforming education for children from birth to age five. Project Great Start has coordinated public and private efforts to encourage educating new parents and encouraging parents to read to their children.[41]
Granholm emphasized post-secondary education for Michiganders following the decline in Michigan manufacturing jobs, many of which did not require a college degree. In 2004 she asked Lieutenant Governor John D. Cherry to lead the Commission on Higher Education and Economic Growth to double the number of college graduates in Michigan. Many of the commission's recommendations were enacted into law during Granholm's tenure as governor, e.g. increasing high school graduation standards (The Michigan Merit Curriculum) so that every Michigan high school student takes a college preparatory curriculum, which includes four years of math and English/language arts and three years of science and social studies, beginning with students who entered high school in the fall of 2006.[42]
At an awards ceremony on October 28, 2004, Granholm was inducted into the "
During the
In February 2005, Michigan's Republican-dominated legislature refused to vote on Granholm's proposed state budget, citing concerns over cuts to state funding for higher education.[44] In the previous years of Granholm's term, many cuts to higher education had been demanded and voted in the legislature in order to balance the state budget. The year before, Republican leaders had called Granholm a "do‑nothing governor", claiming that she failed to lead, while Democrats accused legislative Republicans of being obstructionist. In January 2005, Granholm presented an early budget proposal, demanded immediate response from the Legislature, and held a press conference outlining the highlights of the proposed budget. After refusing to consider, debate, or vote on the proposed budget, Republicans stated they would prefer that the legislature have more involvement in the formation of the state budget.[45]
Michigan's economy had been losing jobs since 2000, largely owing to the decline in the American manufacturing sector. Granholm supported diversification of Michigan's economy away from its historical reliance on automotive manufacturing. She pushed through a $2 billion 21st Century Jobs Fund to attract jobs to Michigan in the life sciences, alternative energy, advanced manufacturing, and homeland security sectors.[46]
2006 election
Granholm ran for a second term in the 2006 election. Her opponent was Republican businessman and politician Dick DeVos.[47]
Both the Granholm campaign and the
Second term (2007–2011)
The
The budget crisis eventually led
In 2007 Granholm proposed and signed into law the No Worker Left Behind Act to provide two years of free training or community college for unemployed and displaced workers.[54] Since its launch in August 2007, more than 130,000 people have enrolled in retraining.[55] The program caps tuition assistance at $5000 per year for two years, or $10,000 per person, and covers retraining in high-demand occupations and emerging industries.[56]
The Department of Energy, Labor, and Economic Growth reported back in October 2009 that 62,206 people had enrolled and that of the 34,355 who had completed training, 72% had found work or retained their positions and a further 18,000 were still in long-term or short-term training.[57][58] 16% of all enrollees had withdrawn or failed to complete the training.[58] As of July 2010, more than two years after the program was launched, 65,536 people were in training or involved in on-the-job training.[55] Dropouts had been reduced to 13.1% of enrollments.[55]
Granholm delivered her sixth State of the State address on January 29, 2008. The speech focused mainly on creating jobs in Michigan through bringing
Granholm also called in the speech for an incentive package to offer tax breaks to filmmakers who shoot in Michigan and use local crews in production. A package of bills offering film industry incentives was approved by both houses of the
Partly because of pressure from Granholm,
On April 29, 2008, Granholm had emergency surgery to fix a health issue that stemmed from a 1993 accident. Because of the surgery, Granholm had to postpone a trip to
In response to a May 14, 2008, resolution by the Detroit City Council that Granholm remove Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick from office because of eight (later ten) felony counts against him,[67] Granholm began an inquiry[68] that culminated in a removal hearing on September 3, 2008.[69] On September 3, Granholm outlined the legal basis for the hearings, arguments were made, and three witnesses were called.[70] On the morning of September 4, Kilpatrick agreed to two plea deals in which he pleaded guilty to two counts of perjury and no contest one count of assaulting and obstructing a police officer in two separate cases. Both deals required his resignation. When the hearing reconvened later that day, Granholm said the hearing would be adjourned until September 22 as a result of the plea deals, and if Kilpatrick's resignation became effective before then the hearing would be cancelled.[71]
In September 2008, Governor Granholm undertook the role of Republican vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin in a series of practice debates with Democratic vice presidential nominee Joe Biden.[72]
With the election of Barack Obama as president, Granholm joined his economic advisory team, having had extensive experience running the Michigan economy, and there was speculation that she might join the Obama administration.[73] On May 13, 2009, the Associated Press reported that President Obama was considering Granholm, among others, for possible appointment to the United States Supreme Court. Eventually Obama chose Sonia Sotomayor.[74]
In 2010, Granholm was barred from seeking re-election due to Michigan's term limits law.[75] Her governorship ended on January 1, 2011, when Republican Rick Snyder, who won the 2010 election, was sworn in.
Subsequent career
Granholm is a distinguished adjunct professor of law and public policy at the UC Berkeley Goldman School of Public Policy and UC Berkeley School of Law.[76] In the Autumn of 2011, she taught a graduate course entitled "Governing in Tough Times". She is also a senior research fellow at the Berkeley Energy and Climate Institute (BECI).[77] As a senior advisor to The Pew Charitable Trusts' Clean Energy Program and founder of The American Jobs Project at UC Berkeley, Granholm spearheads a campaign for a national clean energy policy that promotes and funds American energy independence and home-grown manufacturing and innovation for wind, solar, and advanced battery industries across the United States.[78] She is a regular contributor to NBC's political talk show Meet the Press, has written on U.S. energy policy[79] and has co-authored a book with her husband, A Governor's Story: The Fight For Jobs and America's Economic Future, which was released in September 2011 and was about the lessons Michigan's experience can offer to America.
Granholm served on the board of directors of the
In October 2011,
In October 2012, she became a "household name" after delivering what has been described as a "hyperactive"
In January 2014, she was picked to co-chair
In August 2015, months after Hillary Clinton's campaign announcement for the 2016 presidential election, Granholm transitioned from Priorities USA Action to Correct the Record, another Clinton-aligned political committee whose classification allows Granholm to serve as a direct "surrogate" for Hillary Clinton on the campaign trail.[96] In August 2016, Granholm was named by Clinton to the team planning for her potential presidential transition.[97]
Speculation of a return to office
Granholm was twice mentioned as a possible U.S. Secretary of Energy, first in December 2008 when President-elect Obama was assembling his first-term Cabinet[98] and again in December 2010, when it was rumoured that Secretary Steven Chu might resign.[99]
Granholm was also twice considered by President Obama to be a
In March 2011, with
After President Obama was re-elected in 2012, Granholm was reportedly considered for a position in Obama's second-term Cabinet, specifically to succeed Chu as secretary of energy, Ray LaHood as U.S. secretary of transportation, Hilda Solis as U.S. secretary of labor or Eric Holder as U.S attorney general.[110][111][112][113][114] Granholm herself dampened such speculation, citing her sharp criticism of Republicans during the 2012 election and her time presenting on Current TV.[115]
In March 2013, Michigan's senior U.S. senator, Democrat
In September 2014, when U.S Attorney General Eric Holder announced his intention to step down, there was speculation that Granholm might be a potential candidate to succeed him.[119] Loretta Lynch was ultimately nominated and confirmed for the position.
There was speculation that Granholm's increased visibility from her senior role in the Clinton campaign indicated that she would be under consideration for a position in the U.S. Cabinet or Democratic National Committee leadership if Clinton had won the 2016 election.[120]
Secretary of Energy (2021–present)
Then-President-elect
In April 2021, she said President
Granholm had a call with Saudi Energy Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman Al Saud. They discussed closer cooperation in the energy field.[129] In late 2021, she blamed the OPEC oil cartel led by Saudi Arabia and the U.S. gas and petroleum industry for rising fuel prices in the United States.[130][131][132] When asked what her plans were to increase oil production in the United States, she laughingly replied: "That is hilarious. Would that I had the magic wand on this."[133]
Granholm signed a detailed ethics agreement for the top energy government job and has since then, violated certain provisions of the STOCK Act.[134]
On December 16, 2022, Granholm cleared
Personal life
While Granholm was at Harvard, she met fellow law student and Michigan native Daniel Mulhern, a theology graduate from Yale University.[7] They married in 1986 and they took each other's surname as their middle names.[7] They have three children.[7]
On October 21, 2010, Granholm was made a
Granholm is Roman Catholic. She converted to Catholicism while at Harvard Law School.[139][140]
Electoral history
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Jennifer Granholm (incumbent) | 2,142,513 | 56.3 | +4.9 | |
Republican | Dick DeVos | 1,608,086 | 42.3 | −5.1 | |
Libertarian | Greg Creswell
|
23,524 | 0.6 | n/a | |
Green
|
Douglas Campbell
|
20,009 | 0.5 | −0.3 | |
Constitution | Bhagwan Dashairya
|
7,087 | 0.2 | −0.3 | |
Write-in | 37 | 0.0 | n/a | ||
Majority | 534,427 | 14.0 | +10 | ||
Turnout | 3,801,256 | 100 | +19.6 | ||
Democratic hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Jennifer Granholm | 1,633,796 | 51.42 | +13.64 | |
Republican | Dick Posthumus | 1,506,104 | 47.40 | −14.81 | |
Green
|
Douglas Campbell
|
25,236 | 0.79 | ||
Constitution | Joseph Pilchak | 12,411 | 0.3 | ||
Write-in | 18 | 0.00 | |||
Majority | 127,692 | 4.02 | |||
Turnout | 3,177,565 | ||||
Democratic gain from Republican |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Jennifer Granholm | 499,129 | 47.69 | ||
Democratic | David E. Bonior
|
292,958 | 27.99 | ||
Democratic | James Blanchard
|
254,586 | 24.32 | ||
Majority | 206,171 | 19.7 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Jennifer Granholm | 1,557,310 | 52.09 | ||
Republican | John Smietanka | 1,432,604 | 47.91 | ||
Majority | 124,706 | 4.17 | |||
Turnout | 2,989,914 | 100 | |||
Democratic hold | Swing |
See also
- Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates
- List of female state attorneys general in the United States
- List of female governors in the United States
- List of female United States Cabinet members
- List of foreign-born United States Cabinet members
- List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States
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