Joe Biden

Joe Biden
Official portrait, 2021
46th President of the United States
Incumbent
Assumed office January 20, 2021
Vice President	Kamala Harris
Preceded by	Donald Trump
47th Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017
President	Barack Obama
Preceded by	Dick Cheney
Succeeded by	Mike Pence
United States Senator from Delaware
In office January 3, 1973 – January 15, 2009
Preceded by	J. Caleb Boggs
Succeeded by	Ted Kaufman[1]
Personal details
Born	Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (1942-11-20) November 20, 1942 (age 81) Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Political party	Democratic (since 1969)
Other political affiliations	Independent (before 1969)
Spouses	Neilia Hunter ​ ​ (m. 1966; died 1972)​ Jill Jacobs ​ (m. 1977)​
Children	Beau Hunter Naomi Ashley
Relatives	Biden family
Education	University of Delaware (BA) Syracuse University (JD)
Occupation	Politician lawyer author
Awards	Full list
Signature
Website	Campaign website White House website
Joe Biden's voice Biden speaks on the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and the fall of Kabul . Recorded August 16, 2021
Other offices 2007–2009: Chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus 2001[a]–2003, 2007–2009: Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee 1987–1995: Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee 1971–1973: Member of the New Castle County Council from the 4th district

This article is part of a series about Joe Biden
Personal Early life and career Eponyms Family Honors Public image Age and health concerns Bibliography U.S. Senator from Delaware U.S. Senate career Judiciary Committee Bork hearings Thomas hearings 1994 Crime Bill Violence Against Women Act Foreign Relations Committee Elections 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 47th Vice President of the United States Transition Obama administration first inauguration second inauguration Economic policy Great Recession response 2010 Tax Relief Act 2011 debt-ceiling crisis fiscal cliff Foreign policy Task forces Gun Violence Protect Students from Sexual Assault Vice presidential campaigns 2008 selection convention election 2012 convention election 46th President of the United States Incumbent Presidency timeline Transition COVID-19 Advisory Board Inauguration Efforts to impeach inquiry Tenure Executive actions proclamations Trips foreign '21 '22 '23 '24–'25 Geneva summit COVID-19 pandemic Afghanistan withdrawal Classified documents incident 2023 debt-ceiling crisis Policies COVID-19 WH Response Team Economy ARP IIJA IRA Electoral/ethics Environment Foreign policy AUKUS Camp David Principles IPEF War in Ukraine War in Israel Immigration border crisis Social issues guns cannabis marriage Appointments Cabinet Ambassadors Federal judges Jackson Supreme Court candidates Executive Office U.S. attorneys Presidential campaigns 1988 primaries 2008 primaries 2020 primaries sexual assault allegation Ukraine conspiracy theory convention debates election endorsements VP selection 2024 primaries debate endorsements opposition withdrawal
v t e

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr.

Born in

In April 2023, Biden announced his reelection campaign and, after the Democratic primaries, became the Democratic Party's presumptive nominee in the 2024 presidential election. However, after his performance during the first presidential debate on June 27, he withdrew his candidacy in July 2024 amid concerns about his age and health, becoming the first U.S. president to stop running for reelection after securing enough delegates to win renomination. He endorsed Vice President Harris to be the Democrats' nominee.

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born on November 20, 1942,^[2] at St. Mary's Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania,^[3] to Catherine Eugenia "Jean" Biden (née Finnegan) (1917–2010) and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr. (1915–2002)^[4][5] The oldest child in a Catholic family of mostly Irish descent, along with English and French; he has a sister, Valerie, and two brothers, Francis and James. The Biden surname traces back to William Biden, an ancestor of his who emigrated from England to Maryland around 1820.^[6]

Biden's father had been wealthy and the family purchased a home in the affluent Long Island suburb of

Biden married

In 1969, Biden practiced law, first as a public defender and then at a law firm headed by a locally active Democrat,^[32][30] who named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party;^[33] Biden subsequently reregistered as a Democrat.^[30] He and another attorney also formed a law firm.^[32] Corporate law did not appeal to him, and criminal law did not pay well.^[11] He supplemented his income by managing properties.^[34]

Biden ran for the 4th district seat on the

Biden had not openly supported or opposed the Vietnam War until he ran for Senate and opposed Richard Nixon's conduct of the war.^[44] While studying at the University of Delaware and Syracuse University, Biden obtained five student draft deferments at a time when most draftees were sent to the war. Based on a physical examination, he was given a conditional medical deferment in 1968; in 2008, a spokesperson for Biden said his having had "asthma as a teenager" was the reason for the deferment.^[45]

Biden defeated Republican incumbent J. Caleb Boggs to become the junior U.S. senator from Delaware in 1972. He was the only Democrat willing to challenge Boggs and, with minimal campaign funds, he was thought to have no chance of winning.^[32][11] Family members managed and staffed the campaign, which relied on meeting voters face-to-face and hand-distributing position papers,^[46] an approach made feasible by Delaware's small size.^[34] He received help from the AFL-CIO and Democratic pollster Patrick Caddell.^[32] His platform focused on the environment, withdrawal from Vietnam, civil rights, mass transit, equitable taxation, health care and public dissatisfaction with "politics as usual".^[32][46] A few months before the election, Biden trailed Boggs by almost thirty percentage points,^[32] but his energy, attractive young family, and ability to connect with voters' emotions worked to his advantage,^[16] and he won with 50.5% of the vote.^[46]

A few weeks after Biden was elected senator, his wife Neilia and one-year-old daughter Naomi were killed in an automobile accident while Christmas shopping in

Biden met teacher

Biden became

Biden voted for a 1993 provision that deemed homosexuality incompatible with military life, thereby banning gay people from serving in the armed forces.^[98][99] In 1996, he voted for the Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages, thereby barring individuals in such marriages from equal protection under federal law and allowing states to do the same.^[100] In 2015, the act was ruled unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Hodges.^[101]

Biden was critical of

Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. He chaired it from 1987 to 1995 and was a ranking minority member from 1981 to 1987 and again from 1995 to 1997.^[110]

As chair, Biden presided over two highly contentious U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings.^[16] When Robert Bork was nominated in 1988, Biden reversed his approval‍—‌given in an interview the previous year‍—‌of a hypothetical Bork nomination. Conservatives were angered,^[111] but at the hearings' close Biden was praised for his fairness, humor, and courage.^[111][112] Rejecting the arguments of some Bork opponents,^[16] Biden framed his objections to Bork in terms of the conflict between Bork's strong originalism and the view that the U.S. Constitution provides rights to liberty and privacy beyond those explicitly enumerated in its text.^[112] Bork's nomination was rejected in the committee by a 5–9 vote^[112] and then in the full Senate, 42–58.^[113]

During Clarence Thomas's nomination hearings in 1991, Biden's questions on constitutional issues were often convoluted to the point that Thomas sometimes lost track of them,^[114] and Thomas later wrote that Biden's questions were akin to "beanballs".^[115] After the committee hearing closed, the public learned that Anita Hill, a University of Oklahoma law school professor, had accused Thomas of making unwelcome sexual comments when they had worked together.^[116][117] Biden had known of some of these charges, but initially shared them only with the committee because Hill was then unwilling to testify.^[16] The committee hearing was reopened and Hill testified, but Biden did not permit testimony from other witnesses, such as a woman who had made similar charges and experts on harassment.^[118] The full Senate confirmed Thomas by a 52–48 vote, with Biden opposed.^[16] Liberal legal advocates and women's groups felt strongly that Biden had mishandled the hearings and not done enough to support Hill.^[118] In 2019, he told Hill he regretted his treatment of her, but Hill said afterward she remained unsatisfied.^[119]

Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He became its ranking minority member in 1997 and chaired it from June 2001 to 2003 and 2007 to 2009.^[120] His positions were generally liberal internationalist.^[84][121] He collaborated effectively with Republicans and sometimes went against elements of his own party.^[120][121] During this time he met with at least 150 leaders from 60 countries and international organizations, becoming a well-known Democratic voice on foreign policy.^[122]

Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991,^[121] siding with 45 of the 55 Democratic senators. He said the U.S. was bearing almost all the burden in the anti-Iraq coalition.^[123]

Biden became interested in the

Biden was a strong supporter of the

Biden formally declared his candidacy for the

By August his campaign's messaging had become confused due to staff rivalries,[136] and in September, he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock.^[137] Biden's speech had similar lines about being the first person in his family to attend university. Biden had credited Kinnock with the formulation on previous occasions,^[138][139] but did not on two occasions in late August.^{[140]: 230–232 [139]} Kinnock himself was more forgiving; the two men met in 1988, forming an enduring friendship.^[141]

Earlier that year, Biden had also used passages from a 1967 speech by

A few days later, an incident was publicized in which, while in law school, Biden had taken text from a Fordham Law Review article with inadequate citations.^[23] He was required to repeat the course and passed with high marks.^[143] At Biden's request the Delaware Supreme Court's Board of Professional Responsibility reviewed the incident and concluded that he had violated no rules.^[144]

Biden has made several false or exaggerated claims about his early life: that he had earned three degrees in college, that he attended law school on a full scholarship, that he had graduated in the top half of his class,^[145][146] and that he had marched in the civil rights movement.^[147] The limited amount of other news about the presidential race amplified these disclosures^[148] and on September 23, 1987, Biden withdrew his candidacy, saying it had been overrun by "the exaggerated shadow" of his past mistakes.^[149]

After exploring the possibility of a run in several previous cycles, in January 2007, Biden declared his candidacy in the 2008 elections.^{[78][150][151]} During his campaign, Biden focused on the Iraq War, his record as chairman of major Senate committees, and his foreign-policy experience.^[152] Biden was noted for his one-liners during the campaign; in one debate he said of Republican candidate Rudy Giuliani: "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and 9/11."^[153]

Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile candidacies of Obama and Senator

Shortly after Biden withdrew from the presidential race, Obama privately told him he was interested in finding an important place for Biden in his administration.

At the same time Biden was running for vice president, he was also running for reelection to the Senate,[175] as permitted by Delaware law.^[78] On November 4, he was reelected to the Senate, defeating Republican Christine O'Donnell.^[176] Having won both races, Biden made a point of waiting to resign from the Senate until he was sworn in for his seventh term on January 6, 2009.^[177] Biden cast his last Senate vote on January 15, supporting the release of the second $350 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program,^[178] and resigned from the Senate later that day.^[179]

In October 2010, Biden said Obama had asked him to remain as his running mate for the 2012 presidential election,^[180] but with Obama's popularity on the decline, White House Chief of Staff William M. Daley conducted some secret polling and focus group research in late 2011 on the idea of replacing Biden on the ticket with Hillary Clinton.^[181] The notion was dropped when the results showed no appreciable improvement for Obama,^[181] and White House officials later said Obama himself had never entertained the idea.^[182]

Biden's May 2012 statement that he was "absolutely comfortable" with same-sex marriage gained considerable public attention in comparison to Obama's position, which had been described as "evolving".^[183] Biden made his statement without administration consent, and Obama and his aides were quite irked, since Obama had planned to shift position several months later, in the build-up to the party convention.^{[169][184][185]} Gay rights advocates seized upon Biden's statement,^[184] and within days, Obama announced that he too supported same-sex marriage, an action in part forced by Biden's remarks.^[186] Biden apologized to Obama in private for having spoken out,^[187][188] while Obama acknowledged publicly it had been done from the heart.^[184]

The Obama campaign valued Biden as a retail-level politician, and he had a heavy schedule of appearances in swing states as the

In the first presidential debate of the general election, President Obama's performance was considered surprisingly lackluster.^[193] Time magazine's Joe Klein called it "one of the most inept performances I've ever seen by a sitting president."^[194] Over the next few days, Obama's lead over Romney collapsed,^[195] putting pressure on Biden to stop the bleeding with a strong showing against the Republican vice-presidential nominee, Paul Ryan.^[196][197] Some political analysts considered Biden's performance against Ryan in the October 11 vice-presidential debate one of the best of his career^[198][199] and a key factor in Obama's rebound in the polls and eventual victory over Romney.^[200][201] The debate also became memorable for the popularization of Biden's use of the phrase "a bunch of malarkey" in response to an attack by Ryan on the administration's response to the September 11, 2012, attacks on the U.S. embassy in Benghazi.^[202][203] Biden reused the phrase during his 2020 presidential campaign.^[204]

On November 6, Obama and Biden won reelection

Biden said he intended to eliminate some explicit roles assumed by

Obama was soon comparing Biden to a basketball player "who does a bunch of things that don't show up in the stat sheet".[212] Biden visited Kosovo in May and affirmed the U.S. position that its "independence is irreversible."^[213] Biden lost an internal debate to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton about sending 21,000 new troops to Afghanistan,^[214][215] but his skepticism was valued,^[216] and in 2009, Biden's views gained more influence as Obama reconsidered his Afghanistan strategy.^[217] Biden visited Iraq about every two months,^[129] becoming the administration's point man in delivering messages to Iraqi leadership about expected progress there.^[216] More generally, overseeing Iraq policy became Biden's responsibility: Obama was said to have said, "Joe, you do Iraq."^[218] By 2012, Biden had made eight trips there, but his oversight of U.S. policy in Iraq receded with the exit of U.S. troops in 2011.^[190][219]

Biden oversaw

Members of the Obama administration said Biden's role in the White House was to be a contrarian and force others to defend their positions.^[226] Rahm Emanuel, White House chief of staff, said that Biden helped counter groupthink.^[212] Obama said, "The best thing about Joe is that when we get everybody together, he really forces people to think and defend their positions, to look at things from every angle, and that is very valuable for me."^[216] The Bidens maintained a relaxed atmosphere at their official residence in Washington, often entertaining their grandchildren, and regularly returned to their home in Delaware.^[227]

Biden campaigned heavily for Democrats in the

Biden was inaugurated to a second term on January 20, 2013, at a small ceremony at Number One Observatory Circle, his official residence, with Justice Sonia Sotomayor presiding (a public ceremony took place on January 21).^[241]

Biden played little part in discussions that led to the October 2013 passage of the

Biden's Violence Against Women Act was reauthorized again in 2013. The act led to related developments, such as the White House Council on Women and Girls, begun in the first term, as well as the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault, begun in January 2014 with Biden and Valerie Jarrett as co-chairs.^[245][246] He talked about sexual violence while introducing Lady Gaga at the 88th Academy Awards in 2016, receiving a standing ovation from the audience.^[247]

Biden favored arming

Biden never

During his second term, Biden was often said to be preparing for a bid for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination.^[255] With his family, many friends, and donors encouraging him in mid-2015 to enter the race, and with Hillary Clinton's favorability ratings in decline at that time, Biden was reported to again be seriously considering the prospect and a "Draft Biden 2016" PAC was established.^{[255][256][257]}

By late 2015, Biden was still uncertain about running. He felt his son Beau's recent death had largely drained his emotional energy, and said, "nobody has a right ... to seek that office unless they're willing to give it 110% of who they are."^[258] On October 21, speaking from a podium in the Rose Garden with his wife and Obama by his side, Biden announced his decision not to run for president in 2016.^{[259][260][261]}

After leaving the vice presidency, Biden became an honorary professor at the University of Pennsylvania, developing the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement. Biden remained in that position into 2019, before running for president.^[262][263]

In 2017, Biden wrote a memoir, Promise Me, Dad, and went on a book tour.^[264] By 2019, he and his wife reported that they had earned over $15 million since the end of his vice presidency from speaking engagements and book sales.^[265]

Biden remained in the public eye, endorsing candidates while continuing to comment on politics, climate change, and the presidency of Donald Trump.^{[266][267][268]} He also continued to speak out in favor of LGBT rights, continuing advocacy on an issue he had become more closely associated with during his vice presidency.^[269][270] In 2018, he gave a eulogy for Senator John McCain, praising McCain's embrace of American ideals and bipartisan friendships.^[271] Biden continued to support cancer research.^[272]

Between 2016 and 2019, media outlets often mentioned Biden as a likely candidate for president in 2020.

As the 2020 campaign season heated up, voluminous public polling showed Biden as one of the best-performing Democratic candidates in a head-to-head matchup against President Trump.^{[278][279][280]} With Democrats keenly focused on "electability" for defeating Trump,^[281] this boosted his popularity among Democratic voters.^[282] It also made Biden a frequent target of Trump.^[283][284] In September 2019, it was reported that Trump had pressured Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy to investigate alleged wrongdoing by Biden and his son Hunter Biden.^[285] Despite the allegations, no evidence was produced of any wrongdoing by the Bidens.^{[286][287][288]} Trump's pressure to investigate the Bidens was perceived by many as an attempt to hurt Biden's chances of winning the presidency.^[289] Trump's alleged actions against Biden resulted in a political scandal^[290] and Trump's impeachment by the House of Representatives for abuse of power and obstruction of congress.^[291]

In March 2019 and April 2019, eight women accused Biden of previous instances of inappropriate physical contact, such as embracing, touching or kissing.^[292] Biden had previously called himself a "tactile politician" and admitted this behavior had caused trouble for him.^[293] Journalist Mark Bowden described Biden's lifelong habit of talking close, writing that he "doesn't just meet you, he engulfs you... scooting closer" and leaning forward to talk.^[294] In April 2019, Biden pledged to be more "respectful of people's personal space".^[295]

Throughout 2019, Biden stayed generally ahead of other Democrats in national polls.

In late March 2020, Tara Reade, one of the eight women who in 2019 had accused Biden of inappropriate physical contact, accused Biden of having sexually assaulted her in 1993.^[304] There were inconsistencies between Reade's 2019 and 2020 allegations.^[304][305] Biden and his campaign denied the sexual assault allegation.^[306][307]

When Sanders suspended his campaign on April 8, 2020, Biden became the Democratic Party's

Biden was

On January 6, 2021, during Congress' electoral vote count, Trump told supporters gathered in front of the White House to march to the Capitol, saying, "We will never give up. We will never concede. It doesn't happen. You don't concede when there's theft involved."^[317] Soon after, they attacked the Capitol. During the insurrection at the Capitol, Biden addressed the nation, calling the events "an unprecedented assault unlike anything we've seen in modern times".^[318][319] After the Capitol was cleared, Congress resumed its joint session and officially certified the election results with Vice President Mike Pence, in his capacity as President of the Senate, declaring Biden and Harris the winners.^[320]

Biden's inauguration was "a muted affair unlike any previous inauguration" due to COVID-19 precautions as well as massively increased security measures because of the January 6 United States Capitol attack. Trump did not attend, becoming the first outgoing president since 1869 to not attend his successor's inauguration.^[330]

In his first two days as president, Biden signed 17 executive orders. By his third day, orders had included rejoining the

On March 11, the first anniversary of COVID-19 having been declared a global pandemic by the

Also in March, amid a rise in migrants entering the U.S. from Mexico, Biden told migrants, "Don't come over." In the meantime, migrant adults "are being sent back", Biden said, in reference to the continuation of the Trump administration's Title 42 policy for quick deportations.^[342] Biden earlier announced that his administration would not deport unaccompanied migrant children; the rise in arrivals of such children exceeded the capacity of facilities meant to shelter them (before they were sent to sponsors), leading the Biden administration in March to direct the Federal Emergency Management Agency to help.^[343]

On April 14, Biden announced that the United States

On October 6, 2022, Biden pardoned all Americans convicted of "small" amounts of cannabis possession under federal law.^[365] On December 22, 2023, he pardoned Americans of cannabis use or possession on federal lands regardless of whether they had been charged or prosecuted.^[366][367] Two months after his first round of pardons, he signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which repealed the Defense of Marriage Act and requires the federal government to recognize the validity of same-sex and interracial marriages.^[368]

In June 2024, Biden issued an executive action offering amnesty to unauthorized immigrants married to American citizens. The program includes a pathway to U.S. residency and citizenship and is expected to initially affect about 500,000 people.^[369]

Biden entered office nine months into a recovery from the

Biden signed numerous major pieces of economic legislation in the

During the September 2023 United Auto Workers strike, Biden expressed support for the workers in negotiations.^[400] He assigned White House senior adviser Gene Sperling and acting Labor Secretary Julie Su to aid in negotiation efforts.^[401][402] On September 26, Biden joined striking UAW workers' picket line in Michigan, becoming the first president to join a picket line.^[403]

By the end of 2021, 40 of Biden's nominees to the federal judiciary had been confirmed, more than any president in his first year in office since Ronald Reagan.^[404] Biden has prioritized diversity in his judicial appointments more than any president in U.S. history, with most of his appointees being women and people of color.^[405]

In January 2022, Supreme Court justice

In July 2024, during a speech at the LBJ Presidential Library, Biden expressed interest in judicial term limits and a binding ethics code for Supreme Court justices.^[412]

As part of Biden's Build Back Better agenda, in late March 2021, he proposed the

Before and during the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), Biden promoted an agreement that the U.S. and the European Union cut methane emissions by a third by 2030 and tried to add dozens of other countries to the effort.^[430] Biden pledged to double climate funding to developing countries by 2024.^[431] Also at COP26, the U.S. and China reached a deal on greenhouse gas emission reduction. The two countries are responsible for 40 percent of global emissions.^[432] In July 2023, when the 2023 heat waves hit the U.S., Biden announced several measures to protect the population and said the heat waves were linked to climate change.^[433][434]

In April 2024, Biden unveiled a plan to protect and restore natural water sources (3.2 million hectares of wetlands and 161,000 km of rivers and streams).^[435]

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Illegal border crossings at the

On September 2, 2022, in a nationally broadcast

It was the first midterm election since 1986 in which the party of the incumbent president achieved a net gain in governorships, and the first since 1934 in which the president's party lost no state legislative chambers.^[472] Democrats credited Biden for their unexpectedly favorable performance,^[473] and he celebrated the results as a strong day for democracy.^[474]

In June 2021, Biden took his first trip abroad as president. In eight days he visited Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. He attended a G7 summit, a NATO summit, and an EU summit, and held one-on-one talks with Russian president Vladimir Putin.^[475]

In September 2021, Biden announced AUKUS, a security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, to ensure "peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific over the long term"; the deal included nuclear-powered submarines built for Australia's use.^[476]

On February 4, 2021, the Biden administration announced that the United States was ending its

American forces began withdrawing from Afghanistan in 2020, under the provisions of a February 2020 US-Taliban agreement that set a May 1, 2021, deadline.^[482] The Taliban began an offensive on May 1.^[483][484] By early July, most American troops in Afghanistan had withdrawn.^[345] Biden addressed the withdrawal in July, saying, "The likelihood there's going to be the Taliban overrunning everything and owning the whole country is highly unlikely."^[345]

On August 15, the Afghan government collapsed under the Taliban offensive, and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the country.^[345][485] Biden reacted by ordering 6,000 American troops to assist with evacuating American personnel and Afghan allies.^[486] He faced bipartisan criticism for the manner of the withdrawal,^[487] with the evacuations described as chaotic and botched.^{[488][489][490]} On August 16, Biden addressed the "messy" situation, taking responsibility for it, and admitting that the situation "unfolded more quickly than we had anticipated".^[485][491] He defended his decision to withdraw, saying that Americans should not be "dying in a war that Afghan forces are not willing to fight for themselves."^[491][492]

On August 26, a suicide bombing at the Kabul airport killed 13 U.S. service members and 169 Afghans. On August 27, an American drone strike killed two ISIS-K targets, who were "planners and facilitators", according to a U.S. Army general.^[493] On August 29, another American drone strike killed ten civilians, including seven children. The Defense Department initially claimed the strike was conducted on an Islamic State suicide bomber threatening Kabul Airport, but admitted the suspect was harmless on September 17, calling its killing of civilians "a tragic mistake".^[494]

The U.S. military completed withdrawal from Afghanistan on August 30. Biden called the extraction of over 120,000 Americans, Afghans and other allies "an extraordinary success".^[495] He acknowledged that up to 200 Americans who wanted to leave did not, despite his August 18 pledge to keep troops in Afghanistan until all Americans who wanted to leave had left.^[496]

On February 20, 2023, four days before the anniversary of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Biden visited Kyiv and met with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.^[508] While there, he promised more military aid to Ukraine and denounced the war.^{[509][510][511]}

In 2022, Congress approved about $113 billion in aid to Ukraine.^[512] In October 2023, the Biden administration requested an additional $61.4 billion in aid for Ukraine for the year ahead,^[513] but delays in the passage of further aid by the House of Representatives inhibited progress, with the additional $61 billion in aid to Ukraine added in April 2024.^{[514][515][516]} In May 2024, Biden announced a change of American policy allowing for the Ukrainian use of U.S.-supplied military weapons against Russian military targets inside Russia.^{[517][518][519]}

The

In October 2023, Hamas

Washington D.C.

holding signs protesting the Biden administration's aid to Israel on November 4, 2023

Following the

killing of Palestinian civilians receiving food aid on February 29, 2024, Biden said the current level of aid flowing into Gaza was insufficient.^[552] On March 3, the U.S. military began airdropping food aid into Gaza.^[553] Several experts called the U.S. airdrops performative and said they would do little to alleviate the food situation in Gaza.^[554]

As of May 2024, Biden has continued to support Israel during the course of the war despite significant domestic opposition to American involvement in it and subsequent widespread

Israel–Hamas war protests emerged on university campuses, denouncing Biden.^[558]

On May 31, 2024, Biden announced his support for an Israeli ceasefire proposal, saying that Hamas was "no longer capable" of another large-scale attack.^{[559][560][561]} The proposal, which would establish a permanent ceasefire, release all hostages, and reconstruct the Gaza Strip, was supported by Hamas officials after mediation by Egypt and Qatar.^[562][563] The Netanyahu administration responded that Israel's goals regarding "the destruction of Hamas military and governing capabilities" had not changed and that conditions would need to be met before it would agree to a ceasefire.^{[564][565][566]}

NATO enlargement

Following the

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Biden expressed support for expanding NATO to cover Sweden and Finland.^[567][568] On August 9, 2022, he signed the instruments of ratification stipulating U.S. support for the two countries' entry into NATO.^[569][570] Finnish ascension occurred on April 4, 2023, but opposition by Turkey and Hungary to Swedish entry led to a stalemate.^[571] Biden led diplomatic talks resulting in formal Swedish ascension into NATO on March 7, 2024.^[572][573] He has also expressed openness to Ukrainian entry into NATO following the end of the conflict,^[574] supporting an expedited timetable in its ascension and the removal of steps such as the Membership Action Plan typically required for NATO entry.^[575][576]

Investigations

Retention of classified documents

Main article: Joe Biden classified documents incident

On November 2, 2022, while packing files at the

U.S. National Archives, which recovered them the next day.^[578] On November 14, Attorney General Merrick Garland appointed U.S. attorney John R. Lausch Jr. to conduct an investigation.^[579][580] On December 20, a second batch of classified documents was discovered in the garage of Biden's Wilmington, Delaware residence.^[581]

The findings broke news on January 9, 2023, after

Robert K. Hur as special counsel to investigate "possible unauthorized removal and retention of classified documents or other records".^[584] On January 20, after a 13-hour consensual search by FBI investigators, six more items with classified markings were recovered from Biden's Wilmington residence.^[585] FBI agents searched Biden's home in Rehoboth Beach on February 1 and collected papers and notes from his time as vice president, but did not find any classified information.^[586] On February 8, 2024, Hur concluded the special counsel investigation and announced that no charges would be brought against Biden.^[587]

Business activities

Main article: United States House Oversight Committee investigation into the Biden family

Further information: Impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden

On January 11, 2023, the House of Representatives launched an investigative committee into the foreign business activities of Biden's son, Hunter, and brother, James.^[588] The committee's chair, Representative James Comer, simultaneously investigated alleged corruption related to the Hunter Biden laptop controversy.^[589]

On September 12, House speaker Kevin McCarthy initiated a formal impeachment inquiry against Biden, saying that the recent House investigations "paint a picture of corruption" by Biden and his family.^{[590][591][592][593]} Congressional investigations, most notably by the House Oversight committee, have discovered no evidence of wrongdoing by Biden as of December 2023.^{[594][595][596][597]} On December 13, 2023, the House of Representatives voted 221–212 to formalize an impeachment inquiry into Biden.^{[598][599][600]}

In February 2024, Alexander Smirnov, a former intelligence informant who was prominent in the bribery allegations against Biden, was charged with making false statements to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).^[601] Smirnov admitted he had publicized a false story given to him by Russian intelligence officials with the goal of damaging Biden's reelection campaign.^{[602][603][604]}

2024 presidential campaign

Main article: Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign

Further information: 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries; 2024 United States presidential debates § June 27: First presidential debate (CNN, Atlanta); and Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election

Ending months of speculation,^[605][606] on April 25, 2023, Biden confirmed he would run for reelection as president in the 2024 election, with Harris again as his running mate. The campaign launched four years to the day after the start of his 2020 presidential campaign.^[607] On the day of his announcement, a Gallup poll found that Biden's approval rating was 37 percent, with most of those surveyed saying the economy was their biggest concern.^[608] During his campaign, Biden promoted higher economic growth and recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic.^[609][610] He frequently stated his intention to "finish the job" as a political rallying cry.^{[607][611][612]}

Biden was not on the ballot in the January 23 New Hampshire primary, but he won it in a write-in campaign with 63.8% of the vote. He had wanted South Carolina to be the first primary, and won that state on February 3 with 96.2% of the vote.^[613] Biden received 89.3% of the vote in Nevada and 81.1% of the vote in Michigan, with "none of these candidates" and "uncommitted" coming in second in each state, respectively. On March 5 ("Super Tuesday"), he won 15 of 16 primaries, netting 80% or more of the vote in 13 of them.^[614][615] On March 12, he reached more than the 1,968 delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination, becoming the presumptive nominee.^[616][617]

The

editorial boards of several major news outlets.^[627][628]

Biden initially insisted that he would remain a candidate,[629] but on July 21, he withdrew his candidacy, writing that this was "in the best interest of my party and the country".^[630][631] He endorsed Harris as his successor.^[632][633] His announcement came 29 days before the beginning of the 2024 Democratic National Convention.^[634][635] On August 6, 2024, Harris was confirmed as the Democratic presidential nominee after securing 99% of the delegates in a virtual roll call vote.^[636] This was the first time an eligible incumbent had declined to run for reelection since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968.^[637]

Political positions

Main article: Political positions of Joe Biden

As a senator, Biden was regarded as a

moderate Democrat.^[638] As a presidential nominee, Biden's platform had been called the most progressive of any major party platform in history, although not within his party's ideological vanguard.^[639]

Biden says his positions are deeply influenced by Catholic social teaching.^{[640][641][642]}

According to political scientist Carlo Invernizzi Accetti, "it has become second nature to describe his politics with such ready-made labels as centrist or moderate."^[643] Accetti says that Biden represents an Americanized form of Christian democracy, taking positions characteristic of both the center-right and center-left.^[643] Biden has cited the Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain, credited with starting the Christian democratic movement, as immensely influential in his thinking.^[644] Other analysts have likened his ideology to traditional liberalism, "a doctrine of liberty, equality, justice and individual rights that relies, in the modern age, on a strong federal government for enforcement".^[645][646] Such analysts distinguish liberals, who believe in a regulated market economy, from the left, who believe in greater economic intervention or a command economy.^[645][646] In 2022, journalist Sasha Issenberg wrote that Biden's "most valuable political skill" was "an innate compass for the ever-shifting mainstream of the Democratic Party".^[647]

Biden has proposed partially reversing the corporate tax cuts of the

Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, saying that doing so would not hurt businesses' ability to hire.^[648][649] But he supports raising the corporate tax only up to 28% from the 21% established in the 2017 bill, not back to 35%, the corporate tax rate until 2017.^[650] He voted for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)^[651] and the Trans-Pacific Partnership.^[652] Biden is a staunch supporter of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).^[653][654] He has promoted a plan to expand and build upon it, paid for by revenue gained from reversing some Trump administration tax cuts.^[653] Biden's plan aims to expand health insurance coverage to 97% of Americans, including by creating a public health insurance option.^[655]

Biden did not support national same-sex marriage rights while in the Senate and voted for the Defense of Marriage Act,^[656] but opposed proposals for constitutional amendments that would have banned same-sex marriage nationwide.^[657] Biden has supported same-sex marriage since 2012.^[658][659]

As a senator, Biden forged deep relationships with police groups and was a chief proponent of a Police Officer's Bill of Rights measure that police unions supported but police chiefs opposed.^[660][661] In 2020, Biden also ran on decriminalizing cannabis,^[662] after advocating harsher penalties for drug use as a U.S. senator.^[663][664]

Biden believes action must be taken on climate change. As a senator, he co-sponsored the Boxer–Sanders Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act, the most stringent climate bill in the United States Senate.^[665] Biden supports nature conservation. According to a report from the Center for American Progress, he broke several records in this domain.^[666] He took steps to protect old-growth forests.^[667] Biden opposes drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.^[668] He wants to achieve a carbon-free power sector in the U.S. by 2035 and stop emissions completely by 2050.^[669] His program includes reentering the Paris Agreement, green building and more.^[670] Biden supports environmental justice, including climate justice and ocean justice.^[671][672] A major step is increasing energy efficiency, water efficiency and resilience to climate disasters in low-income houses for mitigate climate change, reduce costs, improve health and safety.^[673][674] Biden has called global temperature rise above the 1.5 degree limit the "only existential threat humanity faces even more frightening than a nuclear war".^[675] Despite his clean energy policies and congressional Republicans characterizing them as a "War on American Energy", domestic oil production reached a record high in October 2023.^[676]

Biden has said the U.S. needs to "get tough" on China, calling it the "most serious competitor" that poses challenges to the United States' "prosperity, security, and democratic values".^[677][678] Biden has spoken about human rights abuses in the Xinjiang region to the Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping, pledging to sanction and commercially restrict Chinese government officials and entities who carry out repression.^[679][680]

Biden has said he is against

Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and to reevaluate the United States' relationship with Saudi Arabia.^[267] Biden supports extending the New START arms control treaty with Russia to limit the number of nuclear weapons deployed by both sides.^[686][687] In 2021, Biden officially recognized the Armenian genocide, becoming the first U.S. president to do so.^[688][d]

Biden has supported

abortion rights throughout his presidency, though he personally opposes abortion because of his Catholic faith.^[691][692] In 2019, he said he supported Roe v. Wade and repealing the Hyde Amendment.^[693][694] After Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, he criticized near-total bans on abortion access passed in a majority of Republican-controlled states,^[695] and took measures to protect abortion rights in the United States.^[696] He has vowed to sign a bill codifying the protections of Roe into federal law; such a bill passed the House in 2022, but was unable to clear the Senate filibuster.^[697][698]

Public image

Main article: Public image of Joe Biden

Biden was consistently ranked one of the least wealthy members of the Senate,^[699][700] which he attributed to having been elected young.^[701] Feeling that less-wealthy public officials may be tempted to accept contributions in exchange for political favors, he proposed campaign finance reform measures during his first term.^[90] As of November 2009^[update], Biden's net worth was $27,012.^[702] By November 2020^[update], the Bidens were worth $9 million, largely due to sales of Biden's books and speaking fees after his vice presidency.^[703][704]

Political columnist David S. Broder wrote that Biden has grown over time:

He responds to real people—that's been consistent throughout. And his ability to understand himself and deal with other politicians has gotten much, much better."^[34]

Journalist James Traub has written that "Biden is the kind of fundamentally happy person who can be as generous toward others as he is to himself".^[129] In recent years, especially after the 2015 death of his elder son Beau, Biden has been noted for his empathetic nature and ability to communicate about grief.^[705][706] In 2020, CNN wrote that his presidential campaign aimed to make him "healer-in-chief", while The New York Times described his extensive history of being called upon to give eulogies.^[707]

Journalist and TV anchor Wolf Blitzer has called Biden loquacious;^[708] journalist Mark Bowden has said that he is famous for "talking too much", leaning in close "like an old pal with something urgent to tell you".^[294] He often deviates from prepared remarks^[709] and sometimes "puts his foot in his mouth".^{[165][710][711]} Biden has a reputation for being prone to gaffes^[712] and in 2018 called himself "a gaffe machine".^[713][714] The New York Times wrote that Biden's "weak filters make him capable of blurting out pretty much anything."^[165]

According to The New York Times, Biden often embellishes elements of his life or exaggerates, a trait also noted by The New Yorker in 2014.^[715][716] For instance, he has claimed to have been more active in the civil rights movement than he actually was, and has falsely recalled being an excellent student who earned three college degrees.^[715] The Times wrote, "Mr. Biden's folksiness can veer into folklore, with dates that don't quite add up and details that are exaggerated or wrong, the factual edges shaved off to make them more powerful for audiences."^[716]

Age and health

Main article: Age and health concerns about Joe Biden

Biden is the oldest sitting president in U.S. history.^[717] During his presidency, Republicans and media pundits have raised questions about his cognitive health in reaction to his public speaking. These narratives were amplified and widely covered by the media after his weak performance in a June 2024 presidential debate.^[718] Biden has repeatedly said he is fit for the presidency.^[719]

COVID-19 diagnosis

On July 21, 2022, Biden tested positive for

Paxlovid.^[721][722] He worked in isolation in the White House for five days^[723] and returned to isolation when he tested positive again on July 30, 2022.^[724][725] On July 17, 2024, Biden again tested positive for COVID-19.^[726][727]

Job approval

See also: 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024 opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration

According to Morning Consult polling, Biden maintained an approval rating above 50 percent in the first eight months of his presidency. In August 2021, it began to decline, and it reached the low forties by December.^[728] This was attributed to the Afghanistan withdrawal, increasing hospitalizations from the Delta variant, high inflation and gas prices, disarray within the Democratic Party, and a general decline in popularity customary in politics.^{[729][730][731][732]} According to Gallup, Biden averaged 41 percent approval in his second year in office,^[733] and 39.8 percent in his third year.^[734] In 2023, Biden's approval rating was the lowest of any modern^[e] U.S. president's after three years in office.^[735]

In February 2021, Gallup, Inc. reported that 98 percent of Democrats approved of Biden.^[736][737] As of December 2023, that number had declined to 78 percent.^[735] His approval rating among Republicans reached a high of 12 percent in February 2021 and again in July 2021.^[736]

According to Gallup, Biden's lowest approval rating was 36 percent in July 2024, just before he decided not to run for reelection; his highest approval rating was 57 percent, in April 2021.^[738][739]

See also

• Electoral history of Joe Biden
• List of things named after Joe Biden
• Bibliography of Joe Biden

Notes

1. ^ Biden held the chairmanship from January 3 to 20, then was succeeded by Jesse Helms until June 6, and thereafter held the position until 2003.
2. ^ Pronounced /ˈdʒoʊsəf ˈrɑːbɪˌnɛt ˈbaɪdən ˈdʒunjər/ ^ⓘ JO-səf ROB-in-et BY-dən JOO-nee-ər
3. independent politicians in December 2022 and May 2024, respectively. As a result, 47 Democrats (rather than 49), plus Angus King and Bernie Sanders, independents who caucus with Democrats, were in the Senate of the 118th United States Congress, on May 31, 2024. Manchin continues to caucus with Democrats while Sinema has opted to caucus with neither party but to align with the Democrats, bringing the Democratic Senate majority to 51 seats.^{[469][470][471]}
4. ^ In 1981, President Ronald Reagan referred to the Armenian genocide in passing in a statement regarding The Holocaust, but never made a formal declaration recognizing it.^[689][690]
5. ^ The source defines "modern" presidents as all 7 presidents before Biden, or presidents since 1979, which comprise Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump.

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