Jews in New York City

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Jews in New York City
ייִדן אין ניו יאָרק
יהודים בניו יורק
Jewish shopkeeper in New York City, c. 1929
Part of a series on
Race and ethnicity in New York City
Ethnicities
Neighborhoods

Jews comprise approximately 16% of New York City's population, making the Jewish community the largest in the world outside of Israel and the world's largest metropolitan Jewish community. As of 2020, just over 1.3 million Jews lived in the five boroughs of New York City, and over 1.912 million Jews lived in New York-Newark-Jersey City overall.[1]

Nearly half of the city’s Jews live in

Reformed Jewish synagogue in the world. Jews have immigrated to New York City since the first settlement in Dutch New Amsterdam in 1654, most notably at the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century, when the Jewish population rose from about 80,000 in 1880 to 1.5 million in 1920. The large Jewish population has led to a significant impact on the culture of New York City.[8] After many decades of decline in the 20th century, the Jewish population of New York City has seen a sharp increase in the 21st century, owing to the high birth rate of the Hasidic and Orthodox communities.[9]

Population

Ultra-Orthodox Jewish residents in Brooklyn, nicknamed "the most Jewish spot on Earth"[3] and home to the world’s largest Jewish community, with over 600,000 adherents living in the borough, more than in Jerusalem and in Tel Aviv[2]

As of 2020[update], about 1.3 million residents of New York City, or about 16% of its residents, were Jewish.[1]

Historical population of New York City
Year Jewish population of New York City
1654 23
1750 300
1850 16,000
1859 40,000
1880 80,000
1920 1,600,000
1950 2,000,000
1981 1,100,000[10]
1991 1,027,000[10]
2002 972,000[10][11]
2012 1,100,000[9]
2020 1,300,000[1]

There are just over 1.3 million Jews in the

Bukharian Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union began arriving in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2002, an estimated 972,000 Ashkenazi Jews lived in New York City and constituted about 12% of the city's population. Many Jews, including the newer immigrants, have settled in Queens, south Brooklyn, and the Bronx, where at present most live in middle-class neighborhoods. The number of Jews is especially high in Brooklyn, where 561,000 residents—one out of four inhabitants—is Jewish.[14][15] As of 2012, there are 1.1 million Jews in New York City.[16]

New York City is home to many

Lakewood and surrounding Ocean County, where Beth Medrash Govoha, the world's largest yeshiva outside Israel, is located.[20] Prominent Orthodox organizations such as Agudath Israel of America and the Orthodox Union
have their headquarters in New York.

anti-Arab racism. After the September 11 attacks, some Arab Jews in New York City were subjected to arrest and detention because they were suspected to be Islamist terrorists.[25] Egyptian Jews arrived in New York City more recently than the Syrian Jews, with many of the Egyptian Jews speaking Ladino as well as Arabic and French. The vast majority Egyptian-Jewish immigrants to the city are Sephardi/Mizrahi, with very few being Ashkenazi. Ladino-speaking Egyptian Jews have tended to settle in the Forest Hills neighborhood of Queens. Very few Egyptian Jews lived in New York City or elsewhere in the United States prior to the 1956 Suez Crisis. Prior to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, the quota for Egyptian immigrants was set at 100 people per year. Because of antisemitism directed against Egyptian Jews in Egypt, a small number of Egyptian-American Jews in New York City banded together as the "American Jewish Organization for the Middle East, Inc." to advocate for Jewish Egyptian refugees. There are two major communities of Egyptian Jews, one in Queens and another in Brooklyn. Egyptian Jews in Queens helped found Shearith Israel Congregation, while Egyptian Jews in Brooklyn's Bensonhurst neighborhood largely attended Syrian-Jewish synagogues.[26]

While the majority of Jews in New York City are

Georgian Jews. Queens has the third largest population of Georgian Jews in the world after Israel and Georgia. Forest Hills is home to the Congregation of Georgian Jews, the only Georgian-Jewish synagogue in the United States.[29] There has also been a sizeable community of Mountain Jews from Azerbaijan and the South Caucasus in Brooklyn.[13]

History

Main articles: History of the Jews in New York and Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam

1654–1881

Asser Levy Place, Manhattan, New York City, was built as a free public bath in 1904–1906. The baths were intended to help relieve the unsanitary conditions in the slums. It is named after Asser Levy
, a prominent Jewish citizen of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, which preceded the English city of New York.

The first recorded Jewish settler in New York was Jacob Barsimson, who arrived in August 1654 on a passport from the Dutch West India Company.[30] A month later, a group of Jews came to New York, then the colony New Amsterdam, as refugees from Recife, Brazil. Portugal had just re-conquered Dutch Brazil (what is now known of the Brazilian State of Pernambuco) from the Netherlands, and the Sephardi Jews there promptly fled. Most went to Amsterdam, but 23 headed for New Amsterdam instead. Governor Peter Stuyvesant was at first unwilling to accept them but succumbed to pressure from the Dutch West India Company—itself pressed by Jewish stockholders—to let them remain. Nevertheless, he imposed numerous restrictions and taxes on his Jewish subjects. Eventually, many of these Jews left.[31]

When the British took the colony from the Dutch in 1664, the only Jewish name on the requisite oath of loyalty given to residents was Asser Levy. This is the only record of a Jewish presence at the time, until 1680 when some of Levy's relatives arrived from Amsterdam shortly before he died.[31]

The first synagogue, the Sephardi Congregation Shearith Israel, was established in 1682, but it did not get its own building until 1730. Over time, the synagogue became dominant in Jewish life, organizing social services and mandating affiliation for all New York Jews.[31] Even though by 1720 the Ashkenazim outnumbered Sephardim,[32] the Sephardi customs were retained.[31]

An influx of

Congregation Shaare Zedek, in 1839. In 1845, the first Reform temple, Congregation Emanu-El of New York opened.[34] New York City would later become host to several seminaries of various denominations, where rabbis could be ordained, by the 1920s.[35]

By this time numerous communal aid societies were formed. These were usually quite small, and a single synagogue might be associated with more than a few such organizations. Two of the most important of these merged in 1859 to form the Hebrew Benevolent and Orphan Asylum Society

Mount Sinai Hospital), which would one day be considered one of the best in the country,[36] was established.[34]

Jewish days schools began to appear in the 19th century across the United States, the first being the Polonies Talmud Torah in 1821.[37]

1881–1945

European Jewish immigrants arriving in New York in 1887

The 36 years beginning in 1881 experienced the largest wave of immigration to the United States ever. Following the assassination of Alexander II of Russia, for which many blamed "the Jews,"[6] there was a vast increase in anti-Jewish pogroms there – possibly with the support of the government – and numerous anti-Jewish laws were passed. The result was that over 2 million Jews immigrated to the United States,[38]: 364–5  more than a million of them to New York.[39]: 1076 

Eastern Ashkenazi Jews and their culture flourished at this time. There was influx emigration from countries such as Lithuania, Poland, and Russia. Their congregations and businesses – namely shops selling Old World goods – firmly maintained their identity, language, and customs.[40]

New York was the publishing city of the Yiddish newspaper,

Forverts, first published in 1897. Several other Jewish newspapers followed and were being produced in common Jewish languages, such as Ladino, Yiddish, and Hebrew.[41]

These immigrants tended to be young and relatively irreligious, and were generally skilled – especially in the clothing industry,[42]: 253–4  which would soon dominate New York's economy.[43] By the end of the nineteenth century, Jews "dominated related fields such as the fur trade."[42]: 254 

The German Jews, who were often wealthy by this time, did not much appreciate the eastern Ashkenazi arrivals, and moved to uptown Manhattan en masse, away from the Lower East Side where most of the immigrants settled.[38]: 370–2  Still, many of these Eastern European immigrants worked in factories owned by 'uptown' German Jews.[32]

1945–1999

New York City teachers' strike of 1968

This section is an excerpt from New York City teachers' strike of 1968.[edit]
Albert Shanker

The

Jews
.

Thousands of New York City teachers went on strike in 1968 when the school board of the neighborhood, which is now two separate neighborhoods, fired nineteen teachers and administrators without notice. The newly created school district, in a heavily black neighborhood, was an experiment in community control over schools—those dismissed were almost all

Jewish
.

The United Federation of Teachers (UFT), led by Albert Shanker, demanded the teachers' reinstatement and accused the community-controlled school board of anti-semitism. At the start of the school year in September 1968, the UFT held a strike that shut down New York City's public schools for nearly two months, leaving a million students without schools to attend.

The strike pitted community against union, highlighting a conflict between local rights to self-determination and teachers' universal rights as workers.[44] Although the school district itself was quite small, the outcome of its experiment had great significance because of its potential to alter the entire educational system—in New York City and elsewhere. As one historian wrote in 1972: "If these seemingly simple acts had not been such a serious threat to the system, it would be unlikely that they would produce such a strong and immediate response."[45]

Crown Heights riot of 1991

This section is an excerpt from Crown Heights riot.[edit]
Location of Crown Heights, Brooklyn, in New York City.

The

Orthodox Jewish residents, damaged their homes, and looted businesses. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after two children of Guyanese immigrants were unintentionally struck by a driver running a red light[46][47] while following the motorcade of Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the leader of Chabad
, a Jewish religious movement. One child died and the second was severely injured.

In the immediate aftermath of the fatal crash, black youths attacked several Jews on the street, seriously injuring several and fatally injuring an Orthodox Jewish student from Australia. Over the next three days, black rioters looted stores and attacked Jewish homes. Two weeks after the riot, a non-Jewish man was killed by a group of black men; some believed that the victim had been mistaken for a Jew. The riots were a major issue in the 1993 mayoral race, contributing to the defeat of Mayor David Dinkins, an African American. Opponents of Dinkins said that he failed to contain the riots, with many calling them a 'pogrom' to emphasize what was seen as the complicity of New York City political leaders.

Ultimately, black and Jewish leaders developed an outreach program between their communities to help calm and possibly improve racial relations in Crown Heights over the next decade.[48]

New York City parks relating to Jewish culture

Within the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, there are many parks that are either named after Jews, or containing monuments relating to their culture and history.

Manhattan

Bronx

Brooklyn

Queens

Staten Island

See also

References

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  118. ^ "Cardozo Playground : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  119. ^ "Federoff Triangle : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
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  121. ^ "Gwirtzman Triangle : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
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  123. ^ "Haym Salomon Square : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
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  125. ^ "Ilse Metzger Sitting Area : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  126. ^ "Sobelsohn Playground : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  127. ^ "Rabbi Kirshblum Triangle : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  128. ^ "Wallenberg Square : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  129. ^ "Job Sculpture : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  130. ^ "Theodor Herzl Memorial: NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  131. ^ "Yitzchak Rabin Walk : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  132. ^ "Levy Playground : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 21, 2020.

Further reading

  • Deborah Dash Moore, City of Promises: A History of the Jews of New York. In Three Volumes. New York: New York University Press, 2012.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judaism in New York City.
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