Kelulus
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Calaluz_de_Batavia.png/300px-Calaluz_de_Batavia.png)
Kelulus or kalulus is a type of rowing boat used in the
Etymology
The name kelulus seems to be derived from Javanese word "lulus", which means "to go right through anything". According to Hobson-Jobson, the literal translation would be "the threader".[2]
Description
The earliest report of kelulus is from Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai (Chronicle of the Kings of Pasai) of the 14th century, in which they are mentioned as one type of vessel used by the
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Snake_boat_or_dragon_boat_in_Batavia%2C_1733.jpg/220px-Snake_boat_or_dragon_boat_in_Batavia%2C_1733.jpg)
From Portuguese sources, they are transcribed as calaluz (calaluzes for plural form), whereby they are described as "A kind of swift rowing vessel used in the Maritime Southeast Asia".[4]: 681 [5]: 557
In about 1500 CE, the
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Royal_barge_or_prau_pengluput_with_dragon_head%2C_Bengawan_Solo_river_%28near_gresik%29.jpg/300px-Royal_barge_or_prau_pengluput_with_dragon_head%2C_Bengawan_Solo_river_%28near_gresik%29.jpg)
In 1537, Javanese kelulus encountered in Patani was described as having two rows of oars: One was of short paddles, the other was "like a galley" (long oars); they carried 100 soldiers, with much artillery and firearms. Gonçalo de Souza reported that they have 27 oars and carried 20 soldiers. They are armed with swivel guns (falconselhos) at the bow and stern.[8][9]: 158
Spanish dictionary lists them as "Small boat used in the East Indies".
Portuguese historian
: 156–157, 162–163Usage
Kelulus were used as transport vessel or war boat. Majapahit overseas invasion used kelulus, usually in uncountable numbers.
In 1600, king Chiay Masiuro (or Chiaymasiouro) of
See also
- Salisipan, a rowing boat from the Philippines
- Tomako
- Waka taua
- Penjajap
- Djong
- Lancaran (ship)
- Kora-kora
- Javanese contact with Australia
References
- ^ a b Mills, J. V. (1930). "Eredia's Description of Malaca, Meridional India, and Cathay". Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 8.
- ^ Yule, Sir Henry (1886). Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary. Wordsworth Editions Ltd. p. 143.
- ^ a b Hill (June 1960). "Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 33: p. 98 and 157: "Then he directed them to make ready all the equipment and munitions of war needed for an attack on the land of Pasai – about four hundred of the largest junks, and also many barges (malangbang) and galleys." See also Nugroho (2011). p. 270 and 286, quoting Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai, 3: 98: "Sa-telah itu, maka di-suroh baginda musta'idkan segala kelengkapan dan segala alat senjata peperangan akan mendatangi negeri Pasai itu, sa-kira-kira empat ratus jong yang besar-besar dan lain daripada itu banyak lagi daripada malangbang dan kelulus." (After that, he is tasked by His Majesty to ready all the equipment and all weapons of war to come to that country of Pasai, about four hundred large jongs and other than that much more of malangbang and kelulus.)
- ISBN 978-0-226-92323-9.
- ^ Catz, Rebecca D. (1989). The travels of Mendes Pinto. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- ^ a b Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). 'The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)', in Anthony Reid (ed.), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), 197–213.
- .
- ^ Coriosidades de Gonçalo de Souza, manuscript in the Biblioteca da Universidade de Coimbra, Ms. 3074, fol. 38vo.
- ^ Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2012). Lancaran, Ghurab and Ghali: Mediterranean impact on war vessels in Early Modern Southeast Asia. In G. Wade & L. Tana (Eds.), Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past (pp. 146–182). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
- ^ Galvão, António (1971). Jacobs, Hubert Theodorus Thomas Marie (ed.). A Treatise on the Moluccas (c. 1544), probably the preliminary version of António Galvão's lost Historia das Moluccas. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute.
- ^ Adam (2019). p. 128: "Setelah itu maka disuruh baginda musta'ibkan segala kelengkapan dan segala alat senjata peperangan akan mendatangi negeri Pasai itu; sekira-kira empat ratus jong yang besar-besar; dan lain daripada itu banyak lagi daripada melangbang [melambang] dan kelulus."
- ^ Winstedt, Richard Olaf (1962). A History of Malaya. Singapore: Marican & Sons.
- ^ Marsden, William (1783). The History of Sumatra: Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, Customs, and Manners of the Native Inhabitants. London: W. Marsden. p. 350–351.
Further reading
- Adam, Ahmat (2019). Hikayat Raja Pasai. SIRD. ISBN 9789672464006.
- Hill, A. H. (Juni 1960). "Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 33: 1–215.
- Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011). Majapahit Peradaban Maritim. Suluh Nuswantara Bakti. ISBN 978-602-9346-00-8.