Bangka (boat)
Bangka are various native
Etymology
Bangka is derived from
History
Indigenous Philippine boats originated from the ancestral
The oldest recovered boats in the Philippines are the 9 to 11
Unfortunately most excavations and recoveries of pre-colonial shipwrecks (including those by the National Museum) in Southeast Asia focus more on the cargo rather than studying the ship structures themselves. Looting is also a problem, which contributes to the paucity of research on pre-colonial Filipino watercraft.[12]
Various types of bangka were used in maritime trade. While the polities in the Philippines remained small and largely in the periphery of Southeast Asian trade, they were nevertheless part of the Southeast Asian market. The earliest exchange of material culture was the
Bangka were also used in wars and the naval warfare and coastal raids (
In the various
Construction
Like all ancestral Austronesian boats, the hull of the bangka at its simplest form had five parts. The bottom part consists of single piece of hollowed-out log (essentially a
Though most modern bangka in the Philippines have double-outriggers, single-outrigger dugout canoes survived until recent times in some parts of the Philippines. Examples include a specimen in the University of Southampton from Manila Bay collected in the 1940s, as well as boats from Lake Bulusan and Lake Buhi of the Bicol Region of southern Luzon from as recently as 2015. The single outrigger is used to provide lateral stability, while still allowing fishermen to work with fishing nets. These traditional boats have largely disappeared in modern times, partly due to the scarcity of suitable timber and partly due to the relative cheapness of fiberglass boats.[23]
The ancestral rig was the mastless triangular crab claw sail which had two booms that could be tilted to the wind. The sails were made from mats woven from pandan leaves. The triangular crab claw sails also later developed into square or rectangular tanja sails, which like crab claw sails, can be tilted against the wind. Fixed tripod or bipod masts also developed in Southeast Asia.[7][8][21]
Cultural significance
Aside from being used in trade and war, bangka were of central significance to various cultures throughout the Philippines. Villages were known as
Bangka feature prominently in
Modern bangka
Since the introduction of the motor engine in the 1970s, the formerly widespread Philippine sailing traditions have mostly been lost.[25] Most modern bangka are motorized and are known as "pump boats" (or pambot) or lancha (lantsa). Smaller boats usually use gasoline or diesel engines, while larger boats can use recycled automobile engines.[26]
Bangka are also increasingly being made with
Types
Outrigger boats
- Armadahan - outrigger fishing boats from Laguna de Bay.[27]
- Baroto or Baloto - A general term for native boats with or without outriggers in the balutu.[22]
- Batil - a large colonial-era sailboat used for ferrying passengers and goods between Visayas and Luzon.[29]
- Bigiw - small double-outrigger bangka from Mindanao, Visayas, and Palawan characterized by a knife-like prow. Its name means "needlefish." They are traditionally propelled by sails and steered with a single oar, but are usually motorized in modern times.[31][32][33]
- Catanduanes Islands with crab claw sails. It is celebrated in the annual Dinahit Festival of Pandan, Catanduanes.[34]
- Djenging - also known as balutu, large outrigger houseboats of the Sama-Bajau people.[24]
- Karakoa - very large outrigger warships around 25 m (82 ft) in length. They were equipped with fighting platforms (burulan) and platforms for paddlers (daramba). They had a characteristic crescent-shape with the prow usually carved into a representation of the mythical sea serpent bakunawa.[13][14][16]
- Pangayaw or mangayaw - a general term for raiding warships.[29]
- Lanong - very large two-masted outrigger warships of the Iranun people that could reach 30 m (98 ft) in length.[38]
- Ilocos.[27]
- Bicol.[27]
- Vinta - also known as pilang or dapang, are small double-outrigger boats from the Sama-Bajau and Moro peoples from the Sulu Archipelago, the Zamboanga Peninsula, and southern Mindanao. They are typically rigged with colorful square tanja sails and have bifurcated prows and sterns.[18] In 1985, the vinta Sarimanok was sailed from Bali to Madagascar to replicate ancient seafaring techniques.[42][43]
Single-hulled boats
- Avang - a large two-masted closed-deck cargo ship of the Ivatan people about 14 to 18 m (46 to 59 ft) in length. Extinct since 1910.[44]
- Bilo - a cargo vessel with a small rectangular tanja sail.[29]
- Falua - a traditional open-deck boat of the Ivatan people usually 8 to 12 m (26 to 39 ft) in length.[44]
- Garay - single-masted warships of the Banguingui people.[45]
- Lepa - houseboats of the Sama-Bajau with no outriggers.[46]
- Salisipan - long and narrow war canoes of the Iranun and Banguingui peoples propelled by rowing.[45]
- Batanes Islands. They have several subtypes based on size and island origin. They can also be used to refer to the larger traditional trading ships of the islands: the avang, falua, chinedkeran, and chinarem.[44]
Dugout canoes
- Awang - elaborately carved dugout canoes used in Lake Lanao by the Maranao people.[47]
- Bangka anak-anak - very small dugout canoes typically built for Sama-Bajau children.[24]
- Birau - small dugout canoes of the Sama-Bajau people.[24]
- Buggoh - small dugout canoes of the Sama-Bajau people.[24]
- T'boli people.[48]
- Junkun - small dugout canoes of the Sama-Bajau people.[24]
Modern
See also
References
- ^ a b Abrera, Maria Bernadette L. (2005). "Bangka, Kaluluwa at Katutubong Paniniwala (The Soul Boat and the Boat-Soul: An Inquiry into the Indigenous "Soul")" (PDF). Philippine Social Sciences Review. 57 (1–4): 1–15.
- ^ de Navarrete, Martín Fernández (1831). Diccionario Marítimo Español. Imprenta Real. p. 401.
- ^ Sobarzo, Horacio (1966). Vocabulario Sonorense. Editorial Porrúa. p. 232.
- ISBN 9789814762755.
- ^ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. "The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (Web Edition)". Retrieved October 21, 2019.
- ^ ISBN 9780817319397.
- ^ ISBN 978-0415100540.
- ^ ISBN 9781585440863.
- ^ Meacham, Steve (December 11, 2008). "Austronesians were first to sail the seas". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
- ISBN 9780520303416.
- ^ a b Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). "Outrigger Ages". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 83 (2): 130–140.
- ^ a b c d e Lacsina, Ligaya (2016). Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques (PhD). Flinders University.
- ^ ISBN 9715501389.
- ^ a b Roxas-Lim, Aurora. "Traditional Boatbuilding and Philippine Maritime Culture" (PDF). International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region, UNESCO. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 12, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
- ^ Vega, Patricia Calzo (June 1, 2011). "The World of Amaya: Unleashing the Karakoa". GMA News Online. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
- ^ a b Blair, Emma Helen; Robertson, James Alexander, eds. (1906). The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898.
- ^ a b Dedace, Sophia; Yan, Gregg (June 14, 2014). "Re-engineering the Philippine banca". Rappler. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
- ^ Journal of the Polynesian Society. 81 (2): 144–159.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - JSTOR 42632616.
- ISBN 9781407302898.
- ^ a b Abramovitch, Daniel (2003). "The Outrigger: A Prehistoric Feedback Mechanism" (PDF). Proceedings of the 42ns IEEE (WeNPL-1): 2000–2009.
- ^ JSTOR 29792457.
- ^ Stead, Martin Roderick (2018). Defining the Construction Characteristics of Indigenous Boats of the Philippines: The Impact of Technical Change Pre and Post Colonisation (PDF) (Thesis). University of Southampton.
- ^ S2CID 31792662.
- ^ Diamond, Isabel (October 23, 2014). "Philippines: Reviving the lost art of sailing in Palawan". The Telegraph. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
- ^ a b Spoehr, Alexander (1980). "Protein from the sea: technological change in Philippine capture fisheries". Ethnology.
- ^ a b c Roxas-Lim, Aurora. Traditional Boatbuilding and Philippine Maritime Culture (PDF). International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO (ICHCAP). pp. 219–222. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 12, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
- ^ Lozano, José Honorato (1847). Vistas de las islas Filipinas y trajes de sus habitantes.
- ^ a b c d e Funtecha, Henry F. (February 27, 2009). "Baroto, paraw, batil, barangay, etc: Panay's maritime legacy". The News Today. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
- ISBN 9789971693862.
- ^ "Bigiw-Bugsay: Upholding traditional sailing". BusinessMIrror. May 6, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ "Bigiw". Samal Outrigger. December 27, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ "Know more about the BIGIW SAILING CULTURE". Woman Today. October 9, 2018. Archived from the original on October 21, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ "Explore the Island of Catanduanes". VigattinTourism.com. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
- ISBN 9789580448808.
- ^ Bob Holtzman (January 12, 2012). "Models in the Madrid Naval Museum, Part I". Indigenous Boats: Small Craft Outside the Western Tradition. Retrieved July 1, 2018.
- ^ Antonio Sánchez de la Rosa (1895). Diccionario hispano-bisaya para las provincias de Samar y Leyte, Volumes 1-2. Chofré y Comp. p. 28.
- ^ James Francis Warren (1985). "The Prahus of the Sulu Zone" (PDF). Brunei Museum Journal. 6: 42–45.
- ^ "A Perspective of the Paraw". Iloilo Paraw Regatta. Iloilo Paraw Regatta Foundation. June 9, 2009. Archived from the original on July 6, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2009.
- ^ "Palawan Paraw: A Blog Documenting the Construction and Voyages of a Traditional Filipino Sailboat". Wordpress. February 11, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
- ^ "Palawan by Paraw Boat". Travel+Leisure. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
- ^ "Across the Indian Ocean, aboard prehistoric ships..." November 21, 2005.
- ^ "Navigation Instruments". Sundials Australia.
- ^ a b c "Traditional Boats in Batanes". International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (ICHCAP). UNESCO. Retrieved October 29, 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ ISBN 9789711002633.
- ISSN 2092-7959. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 7, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2019.)
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ignored (help - ISBN 9789712321740.
- ^ Geoghegan, Alan C. "Preserving Culture, The T'boli of Mindanao, Philippines part 1&2". TaraVision.org. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
- ^ Gunzo Kawamura & Teodora Bagarinao (1980). "Fishing Methods and Gears in Panay Island, Philippines". Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries Kagoshima University. 29: 81–121.
- ^ "SUBJECT: Prohibiting the operation of all kinds of fishing nets employing light in Western Visayan Sea, for a period of five years". Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. Retrieved May 7, 2018.