Law enforcement in Taiwan

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Law enforcement in Taiwan (officially the Republic of China) operates primarily through governmental police agencies.

History

The current police service in Taiwan traces its roots back to police forces established in Taiwan during Japanese colonial rule, as well as police services established in mainland China during the early 20th century.[1]

Japanese colonial period

See also: Taiwan under Japanese rule
koban
(police box).

The first formal police forces in Taiwan were organized by the

Taiwanese aborigines around 1910, and a series of smaller attempted rebellions and civil disorders between 1912 and 1916 [1]. With the gradual acceptance of Japanese rule sinking in among the general populace by the 1920s, most agitators turned to seeking political change and reform within the established system in the home rule movement, Secret police forces were tasked with keeping a close watch[1]
on political groups and agitators.

In the early days of Japanese colonial rule police were deployed to the cities to maintain order, often through brutal means, while the military was deployed to the countryside as a counterinsurgency and policing force. The brutality of early Japanese policing backfired and often inspired rebellion and insurrection instead of quashing it. This system was reformed by

baojia system he crafted the Hoko system of community control. The Hoko system eventually became the primary method by which the Japanese authorities went about all sorts of tasks from tax collecting, to opium smoking abatement, to keeping tabs on the population. Under the Hoko system every community was broken down into Ko, groups of ten neighboring households. When a person was convicted of a serious crime, the person's entire Ko would be fined. The system only became more effective as it was integrated with the local police.[2]

Under Goto Shinpei police stations were established in every part of the island. Rural police stations took on extra duties with those in the aboriginal regions operating schools known as “savage children's educational institutes” to assimilate aboriginal children into Japanese culture. The local police station also controlled the rifles which aboriginal men relied upon for hunting as well as operated small barter stations which created small captive economies.[2]

Most of the members of the police forces during this time were expatriate Japanese, though towards the latter period of Japanese rule, locals began to be recruited. Throughout much of this time, the police forces were granted broad power and authority and allegations of

ROC
rule.

Police in the early ROC

See also: Law enforcement in China

The ROC's law enforcement system built upon the foundations laid down during the

Peking Public Inspection Headquarters in 1902. Following the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Republic in 1912, a National Police Department was established under the auspices of the Ministry of the Interior. This early centralized system consisted of a national headquarters in the capital, provincial police administrations for each province, police departments and bureaus at the municipal and county level respectively. This system was extended to Taiwan following its transfer to ROC control in 1947, two years after the close of hostilities in World War II, though the basic system from the Japanese era was retained.[1][4]

Martial Law

During the period between 19 May 1949 and 14 July 1987, the Taiwan police system had a controversial page in Taiwan history.

Between 1945 and 1988, police officers in Taiwan wore

U.S. Navy Shore patrol
. Critics noted the similarity to military uniforms, eventually leading to the revision of police uniforms in 1988.

On 5 February 1951, by the power of the now-abolished law of contravention, police officers could grab men with long hairdo and use scissors to cut the men's long hair. So applied to mini-skirts, Hawaii shirts, flared trousers, or other clothes of the men or women with irregular dressing. On 5 February 1972, Taipei City Police Department even launched a mass-detainment against people who dressed like hippies.[5]

In 1972, to streamline organizational costs, the National Police Department was merged with the Taiwan Police Administration to form the new National Police Agency (NPA).[4]

The first 4 Directors-General of NPA, between 1972 and 1990, were active general officers transferred from Army or Marine Corps:

Chou Ju-cun (周菊村), between 1972 and 1976;
Kong Ling-Cheng (zh:孔令晟), between 1976 and June 1980;
Ho En-ting (何恩廷), between June 1980 and 1 August 1984;
Luo Chang (羅張),[6] between 1 August 1984 and 4 August 1990.

The latter three even served as two-star Marine Corps Commandants.

Secret police organizations

Historically speaking, in Taiwan, unlike Special Higher Police (

Tokko) and the Japanese Military police (Kempeitai
) during the Japanese Colonial era, the secret police activity was not the major task of Taiwan police system during the Martial-Law era.

The Taiwan police system at that time only played as a supportive role, like performing frequent surveillance,

National Bureau of Investigation
were much more fearful or despicable to the people of Taiwan. However, by the end of the Martial-Law era, these so-called "secret police" units were legalized, transformed into intelligence-oriented or law-enforcement units, or even disbanded.

The typical secret-police example of the involvement from several security units is

Bureau of Investigation.[7]

Taiwan Garrison Command

The influence to Taiwan of this infamous late

the Ministry of National Defense
.

Military Intelligence Bureau

National Military Council of Republic of China in the early ROC era and during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was nicknamed "Jun-Tong" (軍統), literally Military-Statistics. Before 1949, many high-ranking police officers were trained by the Military-Statistics. After 1949, many of them, and a lot of intelligence officers from the military intelligence agencies, were flooded into Taiwan police organizations. The typical case is Wang Lu-chiao (王魯翹), Father of Wang Cho-chiun,[8] the Director-General of National Police Agency after 1 June 2008. Wang Lu-chiao was an intelligence officer of Military-Statistics and sent to Hanoi to assassinate Wang Jingwei between January and March 1939 without success.[9]
Wang Lu-chiao, after 1949 and until his death by a vehicular accident in 1973, became a successful criminal detective and later served as the Police Commissioner of Taipei City Police Department in the 1970s.

General Political Warfare Department of the Ministry of National Defense

This military institution was the equivalence of the Third Chief Directorate of KGB in former Soviet Union. In the ROC Armed Forces, every military command, down to a company or a battery, has a commissioned officer served as the third-ranking officer and a political commissar, who is either dispatched from or trained by now "Political Warfare General Bureau", which was back then "General Political Warfare Department" of the office of the Ministry of National Defense.

However, the influence of this former General Department of Political Warfare was not just confined within the ROC military. Many commissioned officers from the branch of Political Warfare were directly transferred to the police system. One of them, Chen Bi (陳壁), even were promoted to the Police Commissioner of The Taiwan Provincial Police Administration.[10]

In the ROC, before 26 May 1995, military training lessons were mandatory to all students of senior high schools, colleges and universities.[11] As a result, there were and still are many military instructors stationed at every school more advanced than senior high schools. Naturally these military instructors are also commissioned officers in active duty either dispatched from or trained by the branch of Political Warfare. Before 1995, one of their missions at school is to closely watch, report, or even suppress any possible anti-government or political activity launched by students on or off campus.

Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau

The

Republic of China security unit, the Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistics, so-called "Zhong-Tong" or literally "Central Statistics" Zhong-Tong was subordinate to the Central Executive Committee of Chinese Nationalist Party
before 1949.

National Security Bureau

The

National Security Bureau of the ROC National Security Council was established at the suggestion of Chiang Ching-kuo in 1956. This bureau served as the primary intelligence unit in Taiwan and headed by Cheng Jie-Min (鄭介民), a heavy-weight three-star army general from Military-Statistics. The purpose of creating such a new intelligence agency was to settle the inter-agency rivalry among the intelligence community in Taiwan and allow more direct access for Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-kuo
.

Post-Martial Law era reforms

In 1990, Chuang Heng-dai (莊亨岱), by then the Commissioner of Railway Police Bureau, became the first career police officer with the background of a criminal investigator to take over the chief of NPA. Since then, all the successive directors-general of NPA are promoted from career police officers in active duty within the Taiwan police system.[10]

The Taiwan Provincial Police Administration was again separated from the NPA in 1995 with the implementation of local autonomy statutes in the

Fire-fighting units also ceased to be part of the NPA from that year and were reorganized into a separate fire department. National Fire Agency
of Ministry of Interior was established on 1 March 1995 to be responsible for fire prevention, disaster rescue and emergency medical service.

In 1999, with the downsizing of the provincial level of government, the Taiwan Provincial Police Administration was dissolved and its personnel and responsibilities were once again transferred to the National Police Agency.[4]

An increase in crime and liberalization of the mass media in the 1990s led to many questions concerning the effectiveness of the police force in investigating and fighting crime, as opposed to its prior concentration on crowd and riot control, a carryover from the martial law era.

Recent years

With increased media coverage in recent years and the proliferation of tabloid newspapers and 24-hour cable news channels throughout Taiwan, the police force has been faced with new challenges involving high-profile crimes, and increased media involvement.[12] Past concerns of police corruption have largely been replaced by concerns of police ineffectiveness, particularly in light of several high-profile cases in recent years. Gun related crime has also increased, though the overall crime rate in Taiwan remains lower than that of most western and Asian nations.

On 22 July 2000, four workers carrying out riverbed construction work in the

Yu Shyi-kun, the vice Premier of Executive Yuan and two Director-Generals from National Police Agency and National Fire Agency. This Pachang-Creek incident (zh:八掌溪事件) caused a field day for the news media in Taiwan and triggered a reform of the airborne emergency management system. On 10 March 2004, the newly formed National Airborne Service Corps
(NASC) of the Ministry of Interior absorbed four civil airborne squadrons

The Airborne Squadron of National Police Agency,
The Preparatory Office of the Airborne Fire Fighting Squadron of National Fire Agency,
The Aviation Team of Civil Aeronautics Administration of Ministry of Transportation and Communications,
The Air Patrol Squadron of the Coast Guard Administration.

NASC takes over the responsibilities of five major airborne tasks:Search and Rescue, Disaster Relief, Emergency Medical Services, Reconnaissance and Patrol, and Transportation.

On 26 July 2004, members of the Criminal Investigation Bureau engaged in what was arguably the largest gun battle in the history of modern Taiwan with members of a kidnapping gang in

M16's. In the ensuing gunfight four police officers were injured, and two suspects were shot and arrested. However the ringleader of the gang managed to escape along with a cohort after holding a passing civilian hostage and escaping in a hijacked car on live TV.[14] The ensuing manhunt was widely covered, the ringleader Chang Hsi-ming [zh]) was finally arrested following another gun battle with police on 13 July 2005.[15]

In 2006, police selection criteria were amended to include all persons with a high school diploma between ages 18–28 able to pass a police civil service exam and undergo one year of training. This removed the past requirement where only graduates of specialized police colleges and universities were allowed to become police officers.[16]

On 28 February 2006,

Hou You-yi, the Criminal Investigation Bureau Commissioner, assumed command as the director-general of the National Police Agency.[17] He, a career criminal investigator, is the youngest-ever to hold that post. Wang Cho-chiun [zh], Chief of Taipei City Police Department, was named as the new director-general effective June 2008.[18]

On 2 Jan 2007, according to "the Organic Law of the National Immigration Agency" enacted on 30 Nov 2005, the NPA's former Immigration Office was expanded to become the National Immigration Agency under the direct control of the Ministry of the Interior, and Wu Cheng-chi (吳振吉) was named the first director general of NIA.

Police

The Republic of China President Tsai Ing-wen issued a new year red envelope with money in to the Pingtung County Police Bureau.

Most actual law enforcement and day-to-day policing duties are delegated to local police departments on a

city and county level which answer to the National Police Agency (NPA) but are considered agencies of their local government. However the NPA has direct control over several specialized units which may be deployed to assist local forces, as well as the national highway patrol
.

Unlike

city and county Police Departments in the ROC and thus forms a solid chain of command for all police personnel. By calling a personnel review board, the Director-General of NPA has the full control of personnel rotation and transfer,[19] as well as administrative commendations and reprimands over all high ranking police officers, including chiefs of local police departments.[20]

In addition to normal law enforcement duties, police in the ROC are charged with other slightly more unusual duties such as taking census data, as well as immigration and visa related issues.[21] Most jurisdictions also have a Foreign Affairs squad staffed by English speaking officers tasked with visa enforcement and issues relating to foreigners or the foreign community in Taiwan.

In Taiwan, including islands of Kinmen and Matsu, there are a total of 1,615 various local police stations.[22]

Local Agencies

Local police departments exist for all administrative divisions above the county/provincial city level. There are 26 local departments in total. All local agencies are subordinate to the NPA as well as their respective local government, and all police officers wear the same uniform regardless of jurisdiction.

Local city and county governments are responsible for allocating funds for their local police departments and local police chiefs must attend city or county council meetings to answer questions from council members. While all high ranking police officers are subject to personnel rotation and transfer by the NPA, under the wake of local autonomy beginning in 1990, the NPA Director-General will usually consult with local officials regarding the appointment of local police chiefs.[19]

Municipal Police Departments

The Police Commissioners of the Taipei and Kaohsiung City Police Departments hold the rank of "Director-General, first level,"[23] which is the same as the Director-General of National Police Agency, before 2007.

Before 2007, although the Directors-General of the Taipei and Kaohsiung City Police Departments hold the same rank as the Directors-General of National Police Agency and Central Police University, the latter two are both presidential commissions and appointed by the Minister of the Interior. As a courtesy, the two local Directors-General usually wear a lower rank in public.[24]

After 2007, the rank Directors-General Supreme is created and specifically offered to the Director-General of National Police Agency. Currently, each of all 6 city police departments of special municipalities (Taipei City, Kaohsiung City, New Taipei City, Taichung City, Tainan City, Taoyuan City) is headed by a Director-General Level 1, and no longer wears a lower rank in public.

Taipei City Police Department

[25][26] Somehow different from the

Taipei City, the city government has its own Taipei City Police Department
and a subordinate criminal investigative force, "Criminal Investigation Division", which is also an active and famous police force in the field.

Kaohsiung City Police Department

In retrospect to the organization of police administration of Kaohsiung City, it has gone through history and experienced the great changes of the society. In fact it has to be traced back to the time of Japanese colonization. At that time there was the establishment of Eastern Police Office, Western Police Office, Marine Police Office and Fire Police Office.

After the end of Japanese colonization in October 1945, they were used continuously until the official establishment of Police Office of

Kaohsiung City
was permitted to be promoted as a police department of Grade B system. Meanwhile, two more Precinct Offices were added.

On 1 July 1970 the police office was furthermore promoted as the only one belonging to Grade A system in Taiwan Police System. Under it, there were 7 Police Precincts established. On 1 July 1979

Kaohsiung City was officially named as Kaohsiung Municipal Police Department
.

Island Police Departments in Fujian

Kinmen and Lien-chiang County Police Departments are two local agencies which are historically out of the mainstream of Taiwan police system. The local police forces were merged into the two respective military theater garrison commands once or twice.

Since the direct travel between mainland China and Kinmen and Matsu was opened in 2002, the local police departments are put on heavier duty of border security and immigration checking.

Kinmen County Police Department
Kinmen County police department

Its root can be traced back to China in 1915. The local police department was once disbanded in 1949 and replaced by the military security forces under the Kinmen garrison command. Then, in 1953, along with the reinstatement of Kinmen County government, Kinmen PD was detached from military command and assigned to the county government, which was still under the oversight of Kinmen military committee until 1992.

Today, its table of organization contains 312 police officers and three field police brigades: Forces of "Criminal Investigation", "Special Police" and "Traffic Police."

There is no police precincts(分局) in Kinmen. The Kinmen County Police Department has direct control over its six police institutes(所), which are somehow between the level of "police precinct" and "police station."[22]

"Wu-chiu dispatched Police Station" is attached to the Kinmen County Police Department for the convenience of administration.

Lienchiang County Police Department

It is stationed at Matsu Islands.

Lien-chiang County Police Department was formed with 17 police officers in 1956 as a military security detail "Lien-chiang County Police Institute" under Matsu military committee. In December 1965, it was re-designated as "Lien-chiang County Police Department." In May 1967, it was then separated from a military unit and turned into a real civilian police force with four dispatched police stations.

After two expansions in June 1979 and in November 1998, it now contains 124 police officers and two field police brigades: Forces of "Criminal Investigation" and "Special Police and Traffic."

In August 2001, Lien-chiang County Police Department reorganized and upgraded its four dispatched police stations to four "police institutes." Among them, two police stations are added to "

Chukuang
Police Institute."

Military Police

Main article: Republic of China Military Police
MPs participating 2014 Chun-an Program (春安工作), a task for New Year security maintenance.

ROCMP is responsible for enforcing

Republic of China.[citation needed
]

In accordance with; Clause 2, Section 1 of Article 229; Clause 2, Section 1 of Article 230; and Clause 2, Section 1 of Article 231 of The Criminal Procedure Code of the

Republic of China.[citation needed
]

Justice Investigation and National Security

Main articles: Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau and National Security Bureau (Taiwan)

Regarding drugs, corruptions, espionage, and economic crimes, the Investigative Bureau of Ministry of Justice (MJIB) has developed stronger capability to cover cases in those categories for decades. The investigation of these cases, police corruption included, are usually transferred to or led by the Bureau of Investigation.[citation needed]

Historically, counter-intelligence affairs are under the turf of MJIB. Different from "

National Security Bureau, all non-mililary cases of espionage would soon be moved to the Bureau of Investigation.[citation needed
]

Coast Guard

Main article: Coast Guard Administration (Taiwan)
The 3,000-ton cutter Kaohsiung

Smuggling and arms trafficking has been a long been an issue in Taiwan. Human-trafficking and its counterpart, prostitution, are increasingly serious problems in Taiwan. The maritime patrol of the Coast Guard Administration have the responsibility to stop those crimes at sea, and the coastal patrol of Coast Guard Administration are responsible for intercepting such criminal cases along the coast of Taiwan. The in-land territory of Taiwan should be the responsibility of individual local police departments or national law enforcement units from the NPA or MJIB.[citation needed]

Cases like smuggling and human-trafficking may cause turf wars between competing law enforcement agencies. In some examples, when brothels were raided by plain-clothes peace officers, the pimp would quietly go to the local police station and gather possible information about his girls in detention, but sometimes the pimp would later find that his girls were held up by the local coastal patrol units.[citation needed]

Public Prosecutor

Taiwan Tainan District Prosecutors Office.

The duty of the Prosecutor is to represent Government to investigate crime and to expose or reveal conspiracies or secrets, as well as to preserve the justice and fairness of a society. In criminal procedure, prosecution authorities are placed in all courts according to the Court Organic Act (法院組織法) to develop the rules of criminal procedure trial level function.[citation needed]

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b Crook, Steven. "Highways and Byways: Handcuffed to the past". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  3. ^ Haddon, R. (1987). "Mimesis and Motivation in Taiwan Colonial Fiction". B. C. Asian Review. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ a b c "History". National Police Agency, ROC Ministry of the Interior. 2008-03-28. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
  5. ^ 政府取締奇裝異服男女. Formosa Television Inc. (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2006-10-26. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  6. ^ 黃建華 (2006-04-24). 前警署長羅張 靈柩覆國旗 警軍高階首長 送最後一程 (in Chinese). The Liberty Times. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  7. ^ Peng, Ming-min (January 1972). "Surveillance". A TASTE OF FREEDOM. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
  8. The Liberty Times
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  9. ^ 蔣介石派軍統特工遠赴越南追殺漢奸汪精衛內幕 (in Chinese). 環球時報. 2004-12-18. Retrieved 2008-07-02.[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ a b 趙靜瑜 (2001-06-14). 警察故事 道出警徽下的功績與孤獨 (in Chinese). The Liberty Times. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
  11. ^ 司法院大法官會議 (1995-05-26). 大學法細則就共同必修科目之研訂等規定違憲？. 釋字第 380 號 (in Chinese).
  12. ^ Lin, Jean (2006-02-28). "MOI details new rules on media access to airport". The Taipei Times. p. 2.
  13. ^ Jou, Ying-cheng (2000-07-24). "Outrage over river tragedy". The Taipei Times. p. 1.
  14. ^ Kennedy, Mark (2004-10-24). "Getting away with murder". The Taipei Times. p. 17. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
  15. ^ Chuang, Jimmy (2005-07-14). "Dreaded gangster caught after gunfight". The Taipei Times. p. 1. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
  16. ^ "警察特考大幅放寬應考資格，提供有志警察工作者新選擇". ROC Ministry of Examination. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
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  19. ^ a b 明遠 (2001-02-16). 職位調動因人而異　拉警報 (in Chinese). New Taiwan News Weekly. Archived from the original on 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
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  21. ^ "Regulations Governing the Inspection and Registration of Alien's Residence or Permanent Residence". National Police Agency, ROC Ministry of the Interior. Archived from the original on February 12, 2006. Retrieved 2006-03-08. "The inspection and registration affairs as prescribed in these Regulations shall be planned by the National Police Agency (NPA) of the Ministry of the Interior, and executed by city or county (city) police under the supervision of the NPA before the Bureau of Immigration of the Ministry of the Interior is established."
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  26. ^ "Table for English and Chinese regarding police personnel titles of Taipei City Police Department". Taipei City Police Department. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-01-16.

External links

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