Culture of Taiwan
Culture of Taiwan | |
---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin | Táiwān wénhuà |
Southern Min | |
Hokkien POJ | Tâi-oân bûn-hoà |
The culture of Taiwan is a blend of
Reflecting the continuing controversy surrounding the political status of Taiwan, politics continues to play a role in the conception and development of a Taiwanese cultural identity, especially in the prior dominant frame of a Taiwanese and Chinese dualism. In recent years, the concept of Taiwanese multiculturalism has been proposed as a relatively apolitical alternative view, which has allowed for the inclusion of mainlanders and other minority groups into the continuing re-definition of Taiwanese culture as collectively held systems of meaning and customary patterns of thought and behavior shared by the people of Taiwan.[6][7]
State cultural policy overview
Historical context
Taiwan's culture and cultural legacy has been largely shaped by the processes of
Before the
KMT era cultural policy
During the early postwar period the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) suppressed Taiwanese cultural expression and barred Taiwanese from cosmopolitan life except in the spheres of science and technology.[13] The authoritarian KMT dominated public cultural space and Chinese nationalist networks became a part of cultural institutions, leaving little resource for cultural autonomy to grow.[14]
Under the early KMT, Taiwan was realigned from a Japanese imperial center to a Chinese nationalist center, under the influence of KMT and American
By the late 1940s the KMT had
In 1953, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek issued his first major opinion on culture to complete Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People, which included prescribing Nationalist curriculum for education, building facilities for intellectual and physical recreation and the major state cultural program of promoting anti-communist propaganda.[18] In regard to Taiwanese cultural life, the major thrust was for "universalization" of education in Mandarin, which was enforced by law. Despite the hard-line Chinese control over culture, the Soviet advances in technology led to a new Nationalist focus on building closer cooperation with American universities and developing engineering programs.[19] The American presence in Taiwan also encouraged Taiwanese to resume some politically, ethnically neutral cultural activities, which was expressed in a flourishing Taiwanese-language media market.[20]
Between the 1960s and the 1980s Taiwan's culture was described by its media as the contrast between Taiwan (Free China) and China (Communist China), often drawing from the official tropes of Taiwan as a bastion of traditional Chinese culture, which had preserved "true" Chinese values against the "false" Chinese values of post Communist China. At the same time, Taiwanese cultural expressions were brutally suppressed by Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT. In response to the
Taiwanization
After 1975
Religion
The prevalent form of religious belief in
Apart from the syncretic form of traditional Chinese folk religion, Humanistic Buddhism is the major distinguishing trait of modern Taiwanese Buddhism. Humanistic Buddhism traces its roots to Chinese monk Venerable Taixu (1890–1947), who promoted more direct contributions to society through the Buddhist community and was a significant influence for Venerable Yin Shun, who is generally considered to be the key figure who brought Humanistic Buddhism to Taiwan.[23]
Christian churches have been active in Taiwan for many years, a majority of which are Protestant (with 2.6% of the population identifying themselves as Protestant)
Several Taiwanese religious organizations have extended their operations beyond the country. Several organizations, especially
Buddhist-Taoist religious belief makes up 93%, Christian 4.5%, and others 2.5%.[24]
Food
Languages
The most widely spoken and de facto language in Taiwan is
Standard Chinese is the official language and is almost universally spoken and understood. English is taught universally, starting in elementary school.
Taiwanese Mandarin, derived from Standard Chinese, is spoken at different levels according to the social class and situation of the speakers.
Some terms have different meanings in Taiwan and mainland China, such as: 土豆 (tǔdòu), which means peanut in Taiwan, but potato in China. There also exist differences in official[26] pronunciations of a few words such as 垃圾, which is pronounced lèsè in Taiwan but lājī in China, with the former being derived from Shanghainese.
Art
The artistic heritage of Taiwan is extremely diverse. Stonecutters of the
Media
Taiwan's
Sports
Popular sports in Taiwan include:
- Badminton
- Baseball
- Basketball
- Cheerleading
- Golf
- Martial arts
- Pool
- Swimming
- Table tennis
- Tennis
- Volleyball
Athletes from Taiwan compete in international sporting events, often under the banner of "Chinese Taipei" due to PRC's opposition to the use of "Taiwan" or "ROC" under such circumstances.
Tea
Recreation
Indoor shrimping has remained a popular form of recreation in Taiwan since the 1990s.[30][31][32][33]
Since 1999,
Anime and manga are very popular in Taiwan. Comics, including manga, are called manhua in Taiwan. It is common to see a manga rental shop or a manga store every couple of streets in larger cities.
Convenience store culture
Boasting over 9,200
Because they are found nearly everywhere, convenience stores in Taiwan provide services on behalf of financial institutions or government agencies such as collection of the city parking fee, utility bills, traffic violation fines, and credit card payments. Eighty-one percent of urban household shoppers in Taiwan visit a convenience store each week.[34] The idea of being able to purchase food items, drink, fast food, magazines, videos, computer games, and so on 24 hours a day and at any corner of a street makes life easier for Taiwan's extremely busy and rushed population.
Cram school culture
Taiwan, like its neighbors in East Asia, is well known for its buxiban (
culture that measures merit through testing, with entrance into college, graduate school, and government service decided entirely on testing. This has also led to a remarkable respect for degrees, including PhDs and overseas Western degrees (US and Great Britain).English teaching is a big business in Taiwan, with Taiwan, as part of its project to reinvigorate the Taiwan Miracle, aiming to become a trilingual country—fluent in Mandarin, Taiwanese, and English.
Popular culture
Cell phones are very popular in Taiwan. Mobile penetration rate stands at just over 120%.[36] Because of their high use, phones in Taiwan have many functions and are becoming cheaper.
One of the best known figures in Taiwanese cinema is director
One phenomenon that has resulted from the Taiwanization movement is the advent of Taike subculture, in which people consciously adopt the wardrobe, language and cuisine to emphasize the uniqueness of popular, groundroots Taiwanese culture, which in previous times had often been seen as provincial and brutally suppressed by Chiang Kai-shek.
The Kuomintang took power in 2008 with the election of Ma Ying-jeou to the presidency. The new KMT administration has controversially sought to reverse some of the desinicizing policies of the Chen administration, to various degrees of public support. The restoration of the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall to its former state has been generally supported. By contrast, a directive by the administration to foreign missions to henceforth refer to visits by foreign dignitaries as "visiting (cultural) China" has been rescinded after criticism from DPP legislators.
Since 1949, Taiwan had managed to develop itself into the center of Chinese pop culture (also known as "C-pop" or 中文流行文化). Today, the commercial Chinese music industry in the world (especially Mandopop and Taiwanese pop) is still largely dominated by Taiwanese pop artists. Successful Chinese pop artists from other countries (e.g. Stefanie Sun, JJ Lin from Singapore) are also trained, groomed and marketed in Taiwan. Chinese pop artists from other countries who wish to become successful usually have to go to Taiwan to develop their music career. Mandopop and Taiwanese (Hokkien) genre music continue to flourish in Taiwan today.
Ever since the 1990s, Taiwanese variety shows (綜藝節目) had grown from its home base in Taiwan to other parts of the world. Today, it is widely watched and enjoyed by the
See also
- Architecture of Taiwan
- Cinema of Taiwan
- Han Taiwanese
- Languages of Taiwan
- List of Taiwanese authors
- List of ethnic groups in Taiwan
- List of museums in Taiwan
- Media in Taiwan
- Performing arts in Taiwan
- Theater in Taiwan
- Music of Taiwan
- Photography of Taiwan
- Religion in Taiwan
- Sports in Taiwan
- Taiwanese literature
- Taiwanese drama
- Taiwanese opera
- Glove puppetry
- Night markets in Taiwan
- Taipei Community Services Center (offers support services to the international community)
- Hokkien culture
References
Citations
- ^ Huang (1994), pp. 1–5.
- ^ 黃文儀,《士大夫與羅漢腳》,《文教台灣》第092期
- ^ Yip (2004), pp. 230–248.
- ^ Makeham (2005), pp. 2–8.
- ^ Chang (2005), p. 224.
- ^ Hsiau (2005), pp. 125–129.
- ^ Winckler (1994), pp. 23–41.
- ^ Yip (2004), pp. 2–5.
- ^ Winckler (1994), pp. 28–31.
- ^ Wachman (1994), pp. 6–7.
- ^ Mendel (1970), pp. 13–14.
- ^ Gold (1986), pp. 21–32.
- ^ Winckler (1994), p. 29.
- ^ Phillips (2003), pp. 10–15.
- ^ Wachman (1994), pp. 82–88.
- ^ Kerr (1965), pp. 72, 266.
- ^ Gates (1981), pp. 266–269.
- ^ Winckler (1994), p. 30.
- ^ Wilson (1970).
- ^ Winckler (1994), p. 32.
- ^ TIO Gov Taiwan Archived 26 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b taipei times Archived 28 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "解嚴後台灣佛教新興教派之研究". url.tw. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ^ a b "Taiwan". The World Factbook. Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. 26 June 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ "Languages of Taiwan". zinglanguages.com. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
- ^ Huang, Angel (11 April 2018). "Mainland Mandarin vs. Taiwanese Mandarin: Pronunciation Differences". Mandarin HQ. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ^ a b Chung, Oscar (January 2020). "Beauty in Diversity". taiwantoday.tw. Taiwan Today. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ Chow, Vivienne. "Taipei Was Asia's Biggest Market Hub 30 Years Ago. Can a Coterie of Art-World Insiders Return It to Its Former Glory?". news.artnet.com. Artnet. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ Goldstein, Andrew. "Where Is Asia's Art Market Headed? Taiwan's New Taipei Dangdai Fair Shows a Region on the Verge of Massive Change". news.artnet.com. Artnet. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ "Gone Shrimpin". Taiwan Today. 1 July 1993. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
- ^ Lu, Danny (1991). "High-rise indoor shrimp fishing centers become popular in Taiwan". The Sun.
- ^ Jennings, Ralph (1 October 2012). "In urban Taiwan, indoor shrimp fishing is booming". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "Close up: Urban shrimp fishing in Taiwan". BBC. 4 November 2012.
- ^ a b Prevzner, Alexander (2004), "Convenience Stores Aim at Differentiation", Taiwan Business TOPICS, 34 (11).
- ^ "International Licensing". 7-Eleven. 1 January 2009. Archived from the original on 31 July 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ Kemp, Simon (15 February 2022). "Digital 2022: Taiwan". DataReportal.
Cited works
- Chang, Maukuei (2005). "Chapter 7 : The Movement to Indigenize to Social Sciences in Taiwan: Origin and Predicaments". In Makeham, John; Hsiau, A-chin (eds.). Cultural, Ethnic, and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan: Bentuhua (1 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403970206.
- Gates, Hill (1981). "Ethnicity and Social Class". In Ahern, Emily Martin; Gates, Hill (eds.). The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society. CA: Stanford University Press.
- Gold, Thomas B. (1986). State and society in the Taiwan miracle. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe.
- Hsiau, A-Chin (2005). "Chapter 4 : The Indigenization of Taiwanese Literature: Historical Narrative, Strategic Essentialism, and State Violence". In Makeham, John; Hsiau, A-chin (eds.). Cultural, Ethnic, and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan: Bentuhua (1 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403970206.
- Huang, Chun-chieh (1994). Harrell, Stevan; Huang, Chun-chieh (eds.). Introduction. Cultural Change in Postwar Taiwan (April 10–14, 1991; Seattle). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 9780813386324.
- Formosa Betrayed. Cambridge: The Riverside Press.
- Makeham, John (2005). "Chapter 6 : Indigenization Discourse in Taiwanese Confucian Revivalism". In Makeham, John; Hsiau, A-chin (eds.). Cultural, Ethnic, and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan: Bentuhua (1 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403970206.
- Mendel, Douglass (1970). The Politics of Formosan Nationalism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Phillips, Steven E. (2003). Between Assimilation and Independence: The Taiwanese Encounter Nationalist China, 1945-1950. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4457-2.
- Wachman, Alan M. (1994). Taiwan: National Identity and Democratization. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
- Wilson, Richard W (1970). The Political Socialization of Children in Taiwan. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.
- Winckler, Edwin (1994). Harrell, Stevan; Huang, Chun-chieh (eds.). Cultural Policy in Postwar Taiwan. Cultural Change in Postwar Taiwan (April 10–14, 1991; Seattle). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 9780813386324.
- Yip, June (2004). Envisioning Taiwan: Fiction, Cinema and the Nation in the Cultural Imaginary. Durham, N.C. and London: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822333579.
- The Republic of China Yearbook 2014 (PDF). Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2014. ISBN 9789860423020. Retrieved 11 June 2016.