Lipid pneumonia

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Lipoid pneumonia
Other namesLipoid pneumonia, cholesterol pneumonia
Lipid pneumonia, exogenous Case 108
SpecialtyPulmonology Edit this on Wikidata

Lipoid pneumonia is a specific form of lung inflammation (

lipids enter the bronchial tree. The disorder is sometimes called cholesterol pneumonia in cases where that lipid is a factor.[1]

Signs and symptoms

The pneumonia presents as a foreign body reaction causing cough, dyspnea, and often fever. Hemoptysis has also been reported.[2]

Causes

Sources of such lipids could be either exogenous or endogenous.[3]

Exogenous

From outside the body. For example, inhaled nose drops with an oil base, or accidental inhalation of cosmetic oil.

gastroesophageal reflux. Switching to water-soluble alternatives may be helpful in some situations.[2]

Tuberculosis

A

secondary tuberculosis in humans often begins as a lipid pneumonia.[5] This may be due to high content of mycolic acid, cord factor, and Wax-D in the cell wall of M. tuberculosis, that has long been speculated to be a virulence factor of the mycobacteria.[5]

Endogenous

From the body itself, for example, when an airway is obstructed, it is often the case that distal to the obstruction, lipid-laden macrophages and giant cells fill the lumen of the disconnected airspace.[6]

Appearance

The gross appearance of a lipid pneumonia is that in which there is an ill-defined, pale yellow area on the lung. This yellow appearance explains the colloquial term "golden" pneumonia.[7]

At the microscopic scale foamy macrophages and giant cells are seen in the airways, and the inflammatory response is visible in the parenchyma.[citation needed]

On

CT, lipoid pneumonia appears as a "crazy paving" pattern, characterized by grounglass opacities with interspersed interlobular septal thickening.[8]

Diagnosis

Lipid pneumonia-exogenous

In terms of the evaluation of Lipid pneumonia we find the following:[9]

Management

There are no specific guidelines for the treatment of the disease. Limited evidence suggest that the

corticosteroids and possibly intravenous immunoglobulins may improve condition but in the case of exogenous type the stopping of the offending agent is the step that should be taken first.[9]

Prognosis

Endogenous lipoid pneumonia and non-specific interstitial pneumonitis has been seen prior to the development of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in a child.[6]

Epidemiology

Lipid pneumonia has been known to occur in underwater divers after breathing poorly filtered air supplied by a surface compressor lubricated by mineral oil.[10]

History

Laughlen first described lipid pneumonia in 1925 with infants that inhaled oil droplets.[10] It is a condition that has been seen as an occupational risk for commercial diving operations but documented cases are rare.[10]

References

  1. PMID 4644274
    .
  2. ^
    PMID 26371101
    .
  3. ^ "Pulmonary Pathology". Retrieved 21 November 2008.
  4. PMID 24429325
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 17127724
    .
  6. ^
    S2CID 205037400
    .
  7. ISBN 978-0-323-46119-1
    . Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  8. PMID 20028911
    .
  9. ^
    PMID 32119464
    . Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  10. ^
    PMID 3686744. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link
    )

Further reading

External links
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