Nonallergic rhinitis

Nonallergic rhinitis is rhinitis—inflammation of the inner part of the nose—not caused by an allergy. Nonallergic rhinitis displays symptoms including chronic sneezing or having a congested, drippy nose, without an identified allergic reaction.^[1] Other common terms for nonallergic rhinitis are vasomotor rhinitis^[2][3] and perennial rhinitis. The prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis in otolaryngology is 40%. Allergic rhinitis is more common than nonallergic rhinitis; however, both conditions have similar presentation, manifestation and treatment. Nasal itching and paroxysmal sneezing are usually associated with nonallergic rhinitis rather than allergic rhinitis.^[3][4]

Types

• Rhinitis medicamentosa – rebound nasal congestion suspected to be brought on by extended use of topical decongestants and certain oral medications that constrict blood vessels in the nose. Treatment includes withdrawal of nasal drops, short courses of systemic steroid therapy and in some cases, surgical reduction of turbinates, if they have become hypertrophied.
• Rhinitis of pregnancy – pregnant women may develop persistent rhinitis due to hormonal changes. Nasal mucous become edematous and block the airway. Some may develop secondary infection and even sinusitis in such cases. Care should be taken while prescribing drugs. Generally, local measures such as limited use of nasal drops, topical steroids and limited surgery (cryosurgery) to turbinates are sufficient to relate the symptoms. Safety of developing fetus is not established for newer antihistamines and they should be avoided.
• phosphodiesterase type 5 antagonists.^[6]
• Gustatory rhinitis – spicy and pungent food may in some people produce rhinorrhea, nasal stuffiness, lacrimation, sweating and flushing of face. It can be relieved by ipratropium bromide nasal spray (an anticholinergic), a few minutes before a meal.^[7]
• Non-air flow rhinitis – it is seen in patients of laryngectomy, tracheostomy and choanal atresia. Nose is not used for air flow and the turbinates become swollen due to loss of vasomotor control. In choanal atresia there is an additional factor of infection due to stagnation of discharge in the nasal cavity which should otherwise drain freely into nasopharynx.
• Photic sneeze reflex is a reflex condition that causes sneezing in response to looking at bright lights.

Presentation

Paroxysmal sneezing in morning, especially in morning while getting out of bed. Excessive rhinorrhea – watering discharge from the nose when patient bends forward. Nasal obstruction – bilateral nasal stuffiness alternates from one site to other; this is more marked at night, when the dependent side of nose is often blocked. Postnasal drip.^[8]

Complications

Nonallergic rhinitis cases may subsequently develop polyps, turbinate hypertrophy and sinusitis.^{[citation needed]}

Pathophysiology

Nasal mucosa has a rich blood supply and has venous

Pharynx examination: Mucosal injection and lymphoid hyperplasia involving tonsils, adenoids and base of tongue may be seen.^[10]

Investigations

Absolute

[11]

Treatment

Medical

The avoidance of inciting factors such as sudden changes in temperature, humidity, or blasts of air or dust is helpful where possible.

Intranasal application of

Reduction of hypertrophied turbinates, correction of nasal septum deviation, removal of polyps, sectioning of the parasympathetic secretomotor fiber to nose (vidian neurectomy) for controlling refractory excessive rhinorrhea.^[10]

See also

• Snatiation

References