Bird fancier's lung
| Bird fancier's lung | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Bird-breeder's lung, pigeon-breeder's lung, pigeon-fancier's lung |
feathers) | |
| Diagnostic method | exposure testing, radiology (ground glass appearance) |
| Prevention | removing exposure to avian proteins |
| Treatment | removing exposure to avian proteins |
| Medication | Prednisone |
Bird fancier's lung (BFL), also known as bird breeder's lung, is a type of
formation. It mostly affects people who work with birds or own many birds.BFL is diagnosed based on symptoms, and how these get worse on exposure to avian proteins. Radiology can show damage to the lungs, which has a characteristic "ground glass" appearance. Bronchoscopy shows chronic inflammation, with biopsies showing lymphocytosis and granulomatous tissue. BFL may be treated with steroids such as prednisone to reduce inflammation, and removal of exposure to avian proteins. If pulmonary fibrosis has not occurred, treatments tend to be very effective.
Signs and symptoms
Initial
Upon re-exposure to avian proteins, sensitized individuals typically experience symptoms within 4–8 hours.[3] In chronic BFL, symptoms may include anorexia,[3] weight loss,[3] extreme fatigue, and progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary fibrosis is generally the most serious consequence of the disease, as it progressively and irreversibly diminishes the lungs' efficiency over time. As a result, affected individuals may have repeated chest infections and ultimately struggle to breathe.
Complications
Pulmonary fibrosis can get worse over time.[4] This can eventually lead to respiratory failure, which can be fatal.[2] Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) can occur with acute respiratory failure.
Cause
BFL is caused by an immune response to inhaled
Mechanism
BFL causes inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs. Avian proteins include mucins and antibodies, which stimulate a significant immune response from the body.[3] The lungs become inflamed, with granuloma formation. It can take many years of exposure to cause BFL, with an average of 1.6 years to cause acute disease, and 16 years to cause chronic disease.[2]
Diagnosis
Symptoms
A definitive diagnosis can be difficult without
Biochemistry
Biochemical results tend to be difficult to pinpoint to BFL, but can support a diagnosis.[3] BFL causes high concentrations of antibodies targeted against avian proteins, although this may also be found in people exposed to avian protein without the disease.[2] These can be detected in a blood test.[2] An inverted CD4+/CD8+ ratio is associated with lymphocytosis.[3]
Radiology
X-ray or CT scans usually show physical changes to the lung structure (a "ground glass" appearance or a "mosaic" pattern) as the disease progresses.[1][2] Mediastinal lymphadenopathy and bronchiectasis may also be seen.[1] Precise distribution and types of tissue damage differ among similar diseases, as does response to treatment with prednisone. Up to 12% of x-rays may show no damage, whilst only 2% of CT scans show no damage.[3]
Endoscopy
Bronchoalveolar lavage typically shows prominent lymphocytosis.[2][3] This mainly consists of cytotoxic T cells, with an elevated concentration of mast cells.[3] Standard bronchoscopy usually shows chronic inflammation of lung tissue, and granulomas with poorly-defined margins.[1]
Treatment
Removing avian proteins
The only recommended long-term treatment is avoidance of the avian proteins that trigger BFL.[7] This can stop the underlying inflammatory response, although symptoms may continue depending on existing damage.[7] It is advisable to remove all birds, and bedding and pillows containing feathers, from the patient's home, as well as any down-filled outerwear and sleeping bags. It is also advisable to wash all soft furnishings, walls, ceilings and furniture, and to avoid future exposure to birds, bird droppings, or any items containing feathers, such as pillows in many hotels.
In extreme cases, patients may be advised to evacuate their homes permanently and to dispose of all possessions that have been exposed to avian proteins if they cannot be cleaned thoroughly inside and out. (This includes books, beds, and upholstered furniture.) The patient should not attempt to clean any contaminated items. Anyone who comes in contact with items that have been near birds should change clothes and wash their hair before coming in contact with the patient.
Steroids
Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, often suppresses symptoms temporarily, especially in the early stages of the disease.[3] However, corticosteroids tend not to have a long-term effect if avian protein is not also removed from the environment.[3] Dosage is chosen specific to each patient.[3] By reducing inflammation, corticosteroids might also delay fibrosis in the lungs.
Prognosis
Unless fibrosis has progressed beyond recovery, symptoms should improve, sometimes dramatically, in the absence of such allergens. Depending on the extent of fibrosis at the time of their diagnosis and how well they follow recommended treatment protocols (especially avoidance of allergens), many BFL patients make a full recovery. However, symptoms may recur quickly upon re-exposure to birds or related allergens.
Epidemiology
The frequency of BFL is hard to determine.[3] It may be between 0.5% and 7.5% of bird owners in the United Kingdom.[3]
See also
References
Hargreave FE, Pepys J, Longbottom JL, Wraith DG (1966). "Bird breeder's (fancier's) lung". Proc R Soc Med. 59 (10): 1008.