Atypical pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, also known as walking pneumonia,^[1] is any type of pneumonia not caused by one of the pathogens most commonly associated with the disease. Its clinical presentation contrasts to that of "typical" pneumonia. A variety of microorganisms can cause it. When it develops independently from another disease, it is called primary atypical pneumonia (PAP).

The term was introduced in the 1930s

• No response to common antibiotics such as
  beta-lactams like penicillin
  .
• No signs and symptoms of lobar consolidation,[6]^[7] meaning that the infection is restricted to small areas, rather than involving a whole lobe. As the disease progresses, however, the look can tend to lobar pneumonia.
• Absence of leukocytosis.^{[citation needed]}
• Extrapulmonary symptoms, related to the causing organism.^[8]
• Moderate amount of sputum, or no sputum at all (i.e. non-productive).
• Lack of alveolar exudate.^[9]
• Despite general
  consolidation), there are in general few physical signs. The patient looks better than the symptoms suggest.^[2][5]
• Silent hypoxia may occur and not be noticed, but will be picked up by pulse oximetry.

Cause

The most common causative organisms are (often intracellular living) bacteria:^[8]

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Mild form of pneumonia with relatively mild symptoms.

Chlamydia psittaci

Causes psittacosis.

Coxiella burnetii

Causes Q fever.

Francisella tularensis

Causes tularemia.

Legionella pneumophila

Causes a severe form of pneumonia with a relatively high mortality rate, known as

legionellosis

or Legionnaires' disease.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Usually occurs in younger age groups and may be associated with neurological and systemic (e.g. rashes) symptoms. See Mycoplasma pneumonia.

Atypical pneumonia can also have a fungal, protozoan or viral cause.^[10][11]
In the past, most organisms were difficult to culture. However, newer techniques aid in the definitive identification of the pathogen, which may lead to more individualized treatment plans.^{[citation needed]}

Viral

Known viral causes of atypical pneumonia include

Diagnosis

Chest radiographs (X-ray photographs) often show a pulmonary infection before physical signs of atypical pneumonia are observable at all.^[5] This is occult pneumonia. In general, occult pneumonia is rather often present in patients with pneumonia and can also be caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, as the decrease of occult pneumonia after vaccination of children with a pneumococcal vaccine suggests.^[14][15]

Infiltration commonly begins in the perihilar region (where the bronchus begins) and spreads in a wedge- or fan-shaped fashion toward the periphery of the lung field. The process most often involves the lower lobe but may affect any lobe or combination of lobes.^[5]

Epidemiology

Mycoplasma is found more often in younger than in older people.^[16][17] Older people are more often infected by Legionella.^[17]

Terminology

"Primary atypical pneumonia" is called primary because it develops independently of other diseases.^{[citation needed]}

It is commonly known as "walking pneumonia" because its symptoms are often mild enough that one can still be up and about.^[18][19]

"Atypical pneumonia" is atypical in that it is caused by atypical organisms (other than Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis).^[20] These atypical organisms include special

At the time that atypical pneumonia was first described, organisms like Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila, and Legionella were not yet recognized as bacteria and instead considered viruses. Hence "atypical pneumonia" was also called "non-bacterial".^[21]

In literature the term atypical pneumonia is current, sometimes contrasted with viral pneumonia (see below) and sometimes, though incorrectly, with bacterial pneumonia. Many of the organisms causative of atypical pneumonia are unusual types of bacteria (Mycoplasma is a type of bacteria without a cell wall and Chlamydias are intracellular bacteria). As the conditions caused by the various agents have different courses and respond to different treatments, the identification of the specific causative pathogen is important.^{[citation needed]}

References