Local hormone

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Local hormones are a large group of 

vascular muscle dilation.[2] Strength of response is dependent upon the concentration of receptors of target cell and the amount of ligand ( the specific local hormone).[3]

paracrine stimulation
. Eicosanoids are the result of a ubiquitous pathway which first produces arachidonic acid, and then the eicosanoid product.

inflammatory response. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
 stop the formation of prostaglandins, thus inhibiting these responses.

Leukotrienes are a type of eicosanoids that are produced in leukocytes and function in inflammatory mediation.[4]

Paracrines (para- = beside or near) are local hormones that act on neighboring cells.[1] This type of signaling involves the secretion of paracrine factors, which travel a short distance in the extracellular environment to affect nearby cells. These factors can be excitatory or inhibitory. There are a few families of factors that are very important in embryo development including fibroblast growth factor secreted them.[1]

Juxtacrines (juxta = near) are local hormones that require close contact and act on either the cell which emitted them or on adjacent cells.[5]

Classification

According to structural and functional similarity, many local hormones fall into either the gastrin or the secretin family.[6]

Gastrin family

The Gastrin family is a group of peptides evolutionarily similar in structure and function. Commonly synthesized in antroduodenal G-cells. Regulate gastric function along with gastric acid secretion and mucosal growth.[7]

  1. Gastrin
  2. Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Secretin family

The

G-protein coupled receptors. Most often found in the pancreas and the intestines. Secretin was discovered in 1902 by E. H. Starling. It was later linked to chemical regulation and was the first substance to be deemed a hormone.[8]

  1. Secretin
  2. Glucagon
  3. Glicentin (GLI)
  4. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
  5. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

Others

  1. Motilin
  2. Neurotensin
  3. Substance P
  4. Somatostatin
  5. Bombesin
  6. Serotonin
  7. Angiotensin
  8. Nitric Oxide
  9. Kinins
  10. Histamine

References

  1. ^ a b c "The Endocrine System 2" (PDF).
  2. ^ "Classification of Hormones".
  3. ISBN 9781559388153
  4. PMID 2825898
    .
  5. ISSN 1540-7063
    .
  6. ISBN 9788172252359
    .
  7. PMID 17584137
    .
  8. S2CID 218987888
    .
  1. Mark H. Whitnall, William G. Haynes, David J. Webb (1997). Principles of Medical Biology.
  2. Salmon JA, Higgs GA (April 1987). "Prostaglandins and leukotrienes as inflammatory mediators". Br. Med. Bull. 43 (2): 285–96.
    PMID 2825898
    .
  3. SF Gilbert. (2000). Developmental Biology 6th Edition.
  4. Jan M. Keppel Hesselink.(2016). "Autacoids: A New Fundament for Pain Medicine of the 21th Century".
  5. McKinley, Michael P., et al. Anatomy & Physiology: an Integrative Approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2012
  6. Rehfeld JF1, Friis-Hansen L, Goetze JP, Hansen TV. (2007). "The biology of cholecystokinin and gastrin peptides". Curr Top Med Chem. 2007;7(12):1154-65.
  7. Henriksen JH, de Muckadell OB. (2000). "Secretin, its discovery, and the introduction of the hormone concept.". Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2000 Oct;60(6):463-71.
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