Lock Haven, Pennsylvania
Lock Haven, Pennsylvania | |
---|---|
EDT) | |
ZIP Code | 17745 |
Area code(s) | 570 and 272 |
FIPS code | 42-44128 |
Website | lockhavenpa |
Lock Haven is the
Built on a site long favored by
The city has three sites on the National Register of Historic Places—Memorial Park Site, a significant pre-Columbian archaeological find; Heisey House, a Victorian-era museum; and Water Street District, an area with a mix of 19th- and 20th-century architecture. A levee, completed in 1995, protects the city from further flooding. While industry remains important to the city, about a third of Lock Haven's workforce is employed in education, health care, or social services.
History
Pre-European
The earliest settlers in Pennsylvania arrived from Asia between 12000
18th century
In the early 18th century, a tribal confederacy known as the
With the signing of the first
In 1769, Cleary Campbell, the first European settler in the area, built a log cabin near the present site of
19th century
Lock Haven was laid out as a town in 1833,[14] and it became the county seat in 1839, when Clinton County was created out of parts of Lycoming and Centre counties.[15] Incorporated as a borough in 1840 and as a city in 1870,[14] Lock Haven prospered in the 19th century largely because of timber and transportation. The forests of Clinton County and counties upriver held a huge supply of white pine and hemlock as well as oak, ash, maple, poplar, cherry, beech, and magnolia. The wood was used locally for such things as frame houses, shingles, canal boats, and wooden bridges, and whole logs were floated to Chesapeake Bay and on to Baltimore, to make spars for ships. Log driving and log rafting, competing forms of transporting logs to sawmills, began along the West Branch around 1800. By 1830, slightly before the founding of the town, the lumber industry was well established.[16]
The
A Lock Haven log boom, smaller than but otherwise similar to the Susquehanna Boom at Williamsport, was constructed in 1849. Large cribs of timbers weighted with tons of stone were arranged in the pool behind the Dunnstown Dam, named for a settlement on the shore opposite Lock Haven. The piers, about 150 feet (46 m) from one another, stretched in a line from the dam to a point 3 miles (5 km) upriver. Connected by timbers shackled together with iron yokes and rings, the piers anchored an enclosure into which the river current forced floating logs. Workers called boom rats sorted the captured logs, branded like cattle, for delivery to sawmills and other owners. Lock Haven became the lumber center of Clinton County and the site of many businesses related to forest products.[19]
The Sunbury and Erie Railroad, renamed the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad in 1861, reached Lock Haven in 1859, and with it came a building boom. Hoping that the area's coal, iron ore, white pine, and high-quality clay would produce significant future wealth, railroad investors led by Christopher and John Fallon financed a line to Lock Haven. On the strength of the railroad's potential value to the city, local residents had invested heavily in housing, building large homes between 1854 and 1856. Although the Fallons' coal and iron ventures failed, Gothic Revival, Greek Revival, and Italianate mansions and commercial buildings such as the Fallon House, a large hotel, remained, and the railroad provided a new mode of transport for the ongoing timber era. A second rail line, the Bald Eagle Valley Railroad, originally organized as the Tyrone and Lock Haven Railroad and completed in the 1860s, linked Lock Haven to Tyrone, 56 miles (90 km) to the southwest. The two rail lines soon became part of the network controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad.[20]
During the era of log floating, logjams sometimes occurred when logs struck an obstacle. Log rafts floating down the West Branch had to pass through chutes in canal dams. The rafts were commonly 28 feet (9 m) wide—narrow enough to pass through the chutes—and 150 feet (46 m) to 200 feet (61 m) long.[21] In 1874, a large raft got wedged in the chute of the Dunnstown Dam and caused a jam that blocked the channel from bank to bank with a pile of logs 16 feet (5 m) high. The jam eventually trapped another 200 log rafts, and 2 canal boats, The Mammoth of Newport and The Sarah Dunbar.[22]
In terms of volume, the peak of the lumber era in Pennsylvania arrived in about 1885, when 1.9 million logs went through the boom at Williamsport. These logs produced a total of 226 million board feet (530 thousand cubic metres) of sawed lumber. After that, production steadily declined throughout the state.[21] Lock Haven's timber business was also affected by flooding, which badly damaged the canals and destroyed the log boom in 1889.[23]
The Central State Normal School, established to train teachers for central Pennsylvania, held its first classes in 1877 at a site overlooking the West Branch Susquehanna River. The small school, with enrollments below 150 until the 1940s, eventually became Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania.
20th century
As older forms of transportation such as the canal boat disappeared, new forms arose. One of these, the electric trolley, began operation in Lock Haven in 1894. The Lock Haven Electric Railway, managed by the Lock Haven Traction Company and after 1900 by the Susquehanna Traction Company, ran passenger trolleys between Lock Haven and Mill Hall, about 3 miles (5 km) to the west. The trolley line extended from the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad station in Lock Haven to a station of the Central Railroad of Pennsylvania, which served Mill Hall. The route went through Lock Haven's downtown, close to the Normal School, across town to the trolley car barn on the southwest edge of the city, through Flemington, over the Bald Eagle Canal and Bald Eagle Creek, and on to Mill Hall via what was then known as the Lock Haven, Bellefonte, and Nittany Valley Turnpike. Plans to extend the line from Mill Hall to Salona, 3 miles (5 km) south of Mill Hall, and to Avis 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Lock Haven, were never carried out, and the line remained unconnected to other trolley lines. The system, always financially marginal, declined after World War I. Losing business to automobiles and buses, it ceased operations around 1930.[25]
The state of Pennsylvania acquired Central State Normal School in 1915 and renamed it Lock Haven State Teachers College in 1927. Between 1942 and 1970, the student population grew from 146 to more than 2,300; the number of teaching faculty rose from 25 to 170, and the college carried out a large building program. The school's name was changed to Lock Haven State College in 1960, and its emphasis shifted to include the humanities, fine arts, mathematics, and social sciences, as well as teacher education. Becoming Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania in 1983, it opened a branch campus in Clearfield, 48 miles (77 km) west of Lock Haven, in 1989.[24]
An 8-acre (3.2 ha) industrial area in Castanea Township adjacent to Lock Haven was placed on the National Priorities List of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites, commonly referred to as Superfund sites, in 1982. Drake Chemical, which went bankrupt in 1981, made ingredients for pesticides and other compounds at the site from the 1960s to 1981. Starting in 1982, the United States Environmental Protection Agency began a clean-up of contaminated containers, buildings, and soils at the site and by the late 1990s had replaced the soils. Equipment to treat contaminated groundwater at the site was installed in 2000 and continues to operate.[27]
Floods
Pennsylvania's streams have frequently flooded. According to William H. Shank, the Native Americans of Pennsylvania warned white settlers that great floods occurred on the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers every 14 years. Shank tested this idea by tabulating the highest floods on record at key points throughout the state over a 200-year period and found that a major flood had occurred, on average, once every 25 years between 1784 and 1972. Big floods recorded at Harrisburg, on the main stem of the Susquehanna about 120 miles (190 km) downstream from Lock Haven, occurred in 1784, 1865, 1889, 1894, 1902, 1936, and 1972. Readings from the Williamsport stream gauge, 24 miles (39 km) below Lock Haven on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, showed major flooding between 1889 and 1972 in the same years as the Harrisburg station; in addition, a large flood occurred on the West Branch at Williamsport in 1946.[28] Estimated flood-crest readings between 1847 and 1979—based on data from the National Weather Service flood gauge at Lock Haven—show that flooding likely occurred in the city 19 times in 132 years.[29] The biggest flood occurred on March 18, 1936, when the river crested at 32.3 feet (9.8 m), which was about 11 feet (3.4 m) above the flood stage of 21 feet (6.4 m).[29]
The third biggest flood, cresting at 29.8 feet (9.1 m) in Lock Haven, occurred on June 1, 1889,[29] and coincided with the Johnstown Flood. The flood demolished Lock Haven's log boom, and millions of feet of stored timber were swept away.[30] The flood damaged the canals, which were subsequently abandoned, and destroyed the last of the canal boats based in the city.[23]
The most damaging Lock Haven flood was caused by the remnants of Hurricane Agnes in 1972. The storm, just below hurricane strength when it reached the region, made landfall on June 22 near New York City. Agnes merged with a non-tropical low on June 23, and the combined system affected the northeastern United States until June 25. The combination produced widespread rains of 6 to 12 inches (152 to 305 mm) with local amounts up to 19 inches (483 mm) in western Schuylkill County, about 75 miles (121 km) southeast of Lock Haven.[31] At Lock Haven, the river crested on June 23 at 31.3 feet (9.5 m), second only to the 1936 crest.[29] The flood greatly damaged the paper mill and Piper Aircraft.[32]
In 1992, federal, state, and local governments began construction of barriers to protect the city. The project included a levee of 36,000 feet (11,000 m) and a
Geography
Lock Haven is the county seat of Clinton County.[34] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2), 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2) of which is land. About 0.2 square miles (0.5 km2), 6 percent, is water.[35]
Lock Haven is at 561 feet (171 m) above sea level near the confluence of Bald Eagle Creek and the West Branch of the Susquehanna River in north-central Pennsylvania.[1][36] The city is approximately 200 miles (320 km) by highway northwest of Philadelphia and 175 miles (280 km) northeast of Pittsburgh. U.S. Route 220, a major transportation corridor, skirts the city on its southern edge, intersecting with Pennsylvania Route 120, which passes through the city and connects it with Renovo in northern Clinton County. Other highways entering Lock Haven include state routes 150, which connects to Avis, and 664.[36]
The city and nearby smaller communities, including Castanea, Dunnstown, Flemington, and Mill Hall, are mainly at valley level in the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, a mountain belt characterized by long, even valleys running between long continuous ridges. Bald Eagle Mountain, one of these ridges, runs parallel to Bald Eagle Creek on the south side of the city.[26] Upstream of the confluence with Bald Eagle Creek, the West Branch Susquehanna River drains part of the Allegheny Plateau, a region of dissected highlands (also called the "Deep Valleys Section") generally north of the city.[37][38] The geologic formations in the southeastern part of the city are mostly limestone, while those to the north and west consist mostly of siltstone and shale. Large parts of the city are flat, but slopes rise to the west, and very steep slopes are found along the river, on the university campus, and along Pennsylvania Route 120 as it approaches U.S. Route 220.[26]
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Lock Haven is in zone Dfa, meaning a humid continental climate with hot or very warm summers.[39] The average temperature here in January is 28 °F (−2 °C), and in July it is 73 °F (23 °C). Between 1888 and 1996, the highest recorded temperature for the city was 106 °F (41 °C) in 1936, and the lowest recorded temperature was −22 °F (−30 °C) in 1912.[40] The average wettest month is June.[40] Between 1926 and 1977, the mean annual precipitation was approximately 39 inches (990 mm), and the number of days each year with precipitation of 0.1 inches (2.5 mm) or more was 77.[40] Annual snowfall amounts between 1888 and 1996 varied from 0 in several years to about 65 inches (170 cm) in 1942. The maximum recorded snowfall in a single month was 38 inches (97 cm) in April 1894.[40]
Climate data for Lock Haven, Pennsylvania (1926–1977, extremes 1888–1996) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 71 (22) |
75 (24) |
86 (30) |
97 (36) |
102 (39) |
104 (40) |
105 (41) |
106 (41) |
103 (39) |
93 (34) |
84 (29) |
70 (21) |
106 (41) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 36.3 (2.4) |
38.3 (3.5) |
48.6 (9.2) |
62.7 (17.1) |
74.5 (23.6) |
82.3 (27.9) |
86.4 (30.2) |
84.0 (28.9) |
76.9 (24.9) |
65.3 (18.5) |
51.0 (10.6) |
38.6 (3.7) |
62.3 (16.8) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 27.9 (−2.3) |
28.9 (−1.7) |
37.9 (3.3) |
49.7 (9.8) |
60.4 (15.8) |
68.8 (20.4) |
72.9 (22.7) |
71.1 (21.7) |
64.1 (17.8) |
52.8 (11.6) |
41.6 (5.3) |
30.7 (−0.7) |
50.7 (10.4) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 19.4 (−7.0) |
19.5 (−6.9) |
27.1 (−2.7) |
36.7 (2.6) |
46.3 (7.9) |
55.3 (12.9) |
59.4 (15.2) |
58.1 (14.5) |
51.3 (10.7) |
40.3 (4.6) |
32.2 (0.1) |
22.7 (−5.2) |
39.1 (3.9) |
Record low °F (°C) | −22 (−30) |
−21 (−29) |
−12 (−24) |
5 (−15) |
25 (−4) |
34 (1) |
31 (−1) |
32 (0) |
20 (−7) |
18 (−8) |
5 (−15) |
−15 (−26) |
−22 (−30) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.42 (61) |
2.21 (56) |
3.37 (86) |
3.37 (86) |
3.94 (100) |
4.78 (121) |
3.31 (84) |
3.69 (94) |
3.34 (85) |
3.02 (77) |
3.08 (78) |
2.67 (68) |
38.80 (986) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 8.5 (22) |
8.7 (22) |
8.2 (21) |
1.4 (3.6) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
2.6 (6.6) |
7.1 (18) |
36.0 (91) |
Source: Pennsylvania State Climatologist[40] |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1850 | 830 | — | |
1860 | 3,349 | 303.5% | |
1870 | 6,986 | 108.6% | |
1880 | 5,845 | −16.3% | |
1890 | 7,358 | 25.9% | |
1900 | 7,210 | −2.0% | |
1910 | 7,772 | 7.8% | |
1920 | 8,557 | 10.1% | |
1930 | 9,668 | 13.0% | |
1940 | 10,810 | 11.8% | |
1950 | 11,381 | 5.3% | |
1960 | 11,748 | 3.2% | |
1970 | 11,427 | −2.7% | |
1980 | 9,617 | −15.8% | |
1990 | 9,230 | −4.0% | |
2000 | 9,149 | −0.9% | |
2010 | 9,772 | 6.8% | |
2020 | 8,108 | −17.0% | |
Sources:[41][42][3] |
As of the census of 2020, there were 8,108 people living in the city. The average household size during the years 2018–22 was 2.19. The rate of home ownership was 33 percent, and the median value of owner-occupied units was about $133,000. The population density in 2020 was 3,248 people per square mile (8,410 per km2). The reported racial makeup of the city was about 91 percent White and about 4 percent African-American, with other categories totaling about 5 percent. People of Hispanic or Latino origin accounted for about 3 percent of the residents. Between 2018 and 2022, about 3 percent of the city's residents were foreign-born, and about 3 percent of the population over the age of 5 spoke a language other than English at home. In 2020, the city's population included about 5 percent under the age of 18 and about 15 percent who were 65 years of age or older. Females accounted for 52 percent of the total population.[41]
Between 2018 and 2022, of the people who were older than 25, 89 percent had graduated from high school, and 23 percent had at least a bachelor's degree. In 2017, 126 businesses with employees operated in Lock Haven. The mean travel time to work for employees who were at least 16 years old was 21 minutes. The median income for a household in the city during 2018–22 was about $43,000 compared to about $75,000 for the entire United States. The per capita income for the city was about $24,000, and about 25 percent of Lock Haven's residents lived below the poverty line.[41]
Economy
Lock Haven's economy, from the city's founding in 1833 until the end of the 19th century, depended heavily on natural resources, particularly timber, and on cheap transportation to eastern markets.[26] Loggers used the Susquehanna River and Bald Eagle Creek to float timber to sawmills in Lock Haven and nearby towns. The West Branch Canal, reaching the city in 1834, connected to large markets downstream, and shorter canals along Bald Eagle Creek added other connections.[18] In 1859, the first railroad arrived in Lock Haven, spurring trade and economic growth.[26]
By 1900, the lumber industry had declined, and the city's economic base rested on other industries, including a furniture factory, a paper mill, a fire brick plant, and a silk mill. In 1938, the
Arts, culture, historic sites, and media
The central library for Clinton County is the Annie Halenbake Ross Library in Lock Haven; it has about 130,000 books, subscriptions to periodicals, electronic resources, and other materials.[51] Stevenson Library on the university campus has additional collections.[52]
The
The city's media include The Express, a daily newspaper, and The Eagle Eye, the student newspaper at the university.[57] Radio stations WBPZ (AM) and WSQV (FM) broadcast from the city. A television station, Havenscope (available on-campus only), and a radio station, WLHU (Internet station only, with no FCC broadcast license), both managed by students, operate on the university campus.[57]
Parks and recreation
A 25-mile (40 km) trail hike and run, the Bald Eagle Mountain Megatransect,
Government and politics
Lock Haven has a council–manager form of government. The council, the city's legislative body, consists of six members and a mayor, each serving a four-year term. The council sets policy, and the city manager oversees day-to-day operations. The mayor is Joel Long, whose term expires in 2024.[63] The manager is Gregory J. Wilson.[64] Lock Haven is the county seat of Clinton County and houses county offices, courts, and the county library. Three elected commissioners serving four-year terms manage the county government. James Russo, Jeffrey Snyder, and Angela Harding have terms running through 2028.[65]
Stephanie Borowicz, a Republican, represents the 76th District, which includes Lock Haven, in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.[66] Cris Dush, a Republican, represents Lock Haven as part of the 25th District of the Pennsylvania State Senate.[66] John Fetterman and Bob Casey Jr., both Democrats, represent Pennsylvania in the United States Senate. Glenn Thompson, a Republican, represents Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district, including Lock Haven, in the United States House of Representatives.[67]
Education
Primary education
Keystone Central School District serves most of Clinton County, including Lock Haven and parts of Centre County and Potter County. The district incorporated in 1970 to include schools in Lock Haven, Mill Hall, Renovo and Sugar Valley. Three of the district's public elementary schools are in or near Lock Haven: Robb Elementary, Woodward Elementary, and Mill Hall Elementary. Central Mountain Middle School in Mill Hall is the public middle school, for grades six to eight, nearest to Lock Haven. The nearest public high school, for grades nine to twelve, is Central Mountain High School, also in Mill Hall.[68] The District Administration Offices are housed at Central Mountain High School.[69] A private school, Lock Haven Catholic School, enrolls students in kindergarten through eighth grade.[70]
Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania
Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania, offering a wide range of undergraduate studies as well as continuing-education and graduate-school programs at its main campus, occupies 175 acres (71 ha) on the west edge of the city.[26] Enrollment at this campus consisted of about 2,500 undergraduates and 400 graduate students in 2023.[71] The university's branch campus in Clearfield, about an hour's drive west of Lock Haven, enrolled about 175 students in 2023.[72]
Infrastructure
Transportation
The
Utilities
Electric service to Lock Haven residents is provided by
The City of Lock Haven owns the reservoirs and water distribution system for
Health care
In April 2023, UPMC Lock Haven Hospital was converted to an outpatient emergency department linked to the UPMC Williamsport Hospital, about a 30-minute drive from Lock Haven. Geisinger Jersey Shore Hospital in Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania, is somewhat closer, about 20 minutes by ambulance.[79] Susque-View Home, next to the emergency department, offers long-term care to the elderly and other services including speech, physical, and occupational therapy for people of all ages.[26]
Notable people
- Alison Bechdel (1960− ), graphic novelist, author of Dykes to Watch Out For and Fun Home[80]
- John Sloan Dickey (1907−1991), former Dartmouth College president[81]
- America's Next Top Model Season 16 winner[82]
- Richard Lipez (1938−2022), author (under the pseudonym Richard Stevenson) of the Donald Strachey mysteries[86]
- Alexander McDonald (1832–1903), former U.S. Senator from Arkansas[87]
- Tom Poorman (1857−1905), professional baseball player[88]
- John French Sloan (1871−1951), artist[89]
- C. J. Snare, singer and songwriter, FireHouse.[90]
See also
References
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- ^ "General Tariff" (PDF). PPL Electric Utilities. June 20, 2017. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
- ^ "Geographic Footprint". UGI. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
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- ^ "Significant changes coming to UMPC Lock Haven". The Lock Haven Express. May 15, 2023. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
- ^ "Biography for Alison Bechdel". Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
- ^ Flint, Peter B. (February 11, 1991). "John Sloan Dickey Is Dead at 83; Dartmouth President for 25 Years". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
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- ^ "Lipez, Kermit Victor". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
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Sources
- Linn, John Blair (1883). History of Centre and Clinton Counties, Pennsylvania (Digitized scan from the Pennsylvania State University digital library collections) (1st ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Louis H. Everts. Archived from the original on September 16, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
- Miller, Isabel Winner (1966). Old Town: A History of Early Lock Haven, 1769–1845. Lock Haven: The Annie Halenbake Ross Library. OCLC 7151032.
- Richter, Daniel K. (2002). "Chapter 1. The First Pennsylvanians". In Miller, Randall M.; Pencak, William A. (eds.). Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth. The Pennsylvania State University and the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. pp. 3–46. ISBN 978-0-271-02213-0.
- Schuldenrein, Joseph; Vento, Frank (July 19, 1994). "Geoarcheological Investigations at the Memorial Park Site (36CN164), Pennsylvania" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
- Shank, William H. (1972). Great Floods of Pennsylvania: A Two-Century History (2nd ed.). York, Pennsylvania: American Canal and Transportation Center. ISBN 978-0-933788-38-1.
- Shieck, Paul J.; Cox, Harold E. (1978). West Branch Trolleys: Street Railways of Lycoming & Clinton Counties. Forty Fort, Pennsylvania: Harold E. Cox. OCLC 6163575.
- Wagner, Dean R., ed. (1979). Historic Lock Haven: An Architectural Survey. Lock Haven: Clinton County Historical Society. OCLC 5216208.
- Wallace, Paul A.W. (1987). Indian Paths of Pennsylvania (4th printing ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. ISBN 978-0-89271-090-4..
External links
- Official website
- The Express, local newspaper