Metal production in Ukraine
Metal production, in particular
Ukraine possesses substantial natural reserves of
Ukraine is also a significant producer of manganese, manganese ore and manganese ferroalloys and has 75% of the ore reserves of the former CIS.[6] The aluminium industry concentrates in Mykolaiv and Zaporizhia but is limited by energy availability and costs.[5] Ukrainian production of uranium in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast provides only 30% of domestic demand.[7]
History
Copper Age
Metal production in Ukraine developed along the same lines as that of it near neighbours. The
The Trypilian culture began in Right-bank Ukraine Ukraine and existed from 5400 to 2000 BC. It is named after a site in the Kyiv region near Trypillia village, uncovered by Vikentiy Khvoyka in 1898. In southern part of Ukraine the Sredny Stog culture (4500-3500 BC) was the main influence along with the Catacomb culture (2800-2200 BC) and it is during these times that we see the earliest examples of copper technology in the form of fishing hooks and other implements around 2500 BC.
Bronze Age
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Iron Age
During the Iron Age, there were several influences on metallurgy: the Dacians, Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, among other nomadic peoples. The Scythian Kingdom existed here from 750 BC to 250 BC.
Ancient period
The ancient Greek colonies founded in the 6th century BC on the north-eastern shore of the Black Sea, the colonies of Tyras, Olbia, Hermonassa, continued as Roman and Byzantine cities until the 6th century AD.
Middle Ages
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Early Modern
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19th and 20th centuries
In 1868, the Millwall Iron Works Company received an order from the Imperial Russian Government for the plating of a naval fortress being built at Kronstadt on the Baltic Sea. Hughes accepted a concession from the Imperial Russian Government to develop metal works in the region, and in 1869 acquired a piece of land to the north of the Azov Sea from Russian statesman Sergei Kochubey (son of Viktor Kochubey).
He formed the 'New Russia Company Ltd.' to raise capital, and in the summer of 1870, at the age of 55, he moved to the Russian Empire. He sailed with eight ships, with not only all the equipment necessary to establish a metal works, but also much of the skilled labour; a group of about a hundred ironworkers and miners mostly from South Wales.
He immediately started to build metal works close to the river Kalmius, at a site near the village of Alexandrovka. The state-of-the-art works had eight blast furnaces and was capable of a full production cycle, with the first pig iron cast in 1872. During the 1870s, collieries and iron ore mines were sunk, and brickworks and other facilities were established to make the isolated works a self-sufficient industrial complex. He further built a railway-line-producing factory. All of Hughes' facilities were held under the 'Novorussian society for coal, iron and rails production.'
The Hughes factory gave its name to the settlement which grew in its shadow, and the town of Hughesovka (Yuzovka) grew rapidly. Hughes personally provided a hospital, schools, bath houses, tea rooms, a fire brigade and an Anglican church dedicated to the patron saints St George and St David. The land around the metal works quickly grew to become an industrial and cultural centre in the region; the population of the city founded by Hughes now exceeds 1 million.
Over the next twenty years, the works prospered and expanded, first under John Hughes and then, after his death in 1889, under the management of four of his sons. Amazingly, John Hughes was only semi-literate - he was unable to write and could only read capital letters
Year | Iron | Steel | Rolled steel | Steel Pipe |
---|---|---|---|---|
1913 | 2,0 | 2,4 | 2,1 | 0,07 |
1928 | 2,4 | 2,4 | 2,0 | 0,11 |
1940 | 9,6 | 8,9 | 6,5 | 0,56 |
1950 | 9,2 | 8,3 | 6,9 | 0,92 |
1960 | 24,2 | 26,2 | 21,1 | 2,22 |
1970 | 41,4 | 46,6 | 37,4 | 4,49 |
1978 | 38,0 | 56,7 | 37,6 | 4,00 |
Natural resources
Mining of principal raw commodities, thousand metric tonnes[8][clarification needed] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commodity | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
Alumina |
1,434 | 1,562 | 1,632 | 1,672 | 1,700 |
Anthracite | 14,427 | 18,295 | 16,204 | 13,444 | 13,000 |
Bituminous coal | 63,866 | 62,100 | 58,000 | 66,600 | 62,255 |
Iron ore (pure Fe content) | 34,300 | 36,000 | 37,700 | 40,700 | 42,800 |
Manganese ore (pure Mn content) | 880 | 810 | 770 | 546 | 580 |
Titanium ores (pure Ti content) | 314 | 283 | 286 | 344 | 362 |
Ukraine possesses world's largest reserves of commercial-grade iron ore - 30 billion tonnes of ore or around one-fifth of the global total.[9] Adjusting for pure iron content the Ukrainian reserves (9 billion tonnes of iron, 11.6% of the global total) are the world's third largest after Russia and Australia.[9] Iron ore mining is concentrated in Kryvyi Rih Ore Basin and 80% of it is controlled by the Ukrrudprom.[6] Open-pit mining companies are capable of extracting 90 million tonnes annually whilst underground mining contributes another 18.5 million.[8] Actual ore extraction, according to the United States Geological Survey, peaked in 2007 at 77.9 million tonnes of ore (42.8 million tonnes of pure iron content).[8]
Ukrainian reserves of hard
Economically viable
Ukrainian underground uranium and thorium mines are located in the Kirovohrad Oblast and are depleted by 50 to 60%.[7] Their output, refined at the SkhidGZK plant in Zhovti Vody, meets only around 30% of national demand (2007 data).[7] Ukraine has developed an ambitious program to expand uranium mining and production starting with the development of the Novokonstantinovskoye field.[13]
Ukraine also possesses substantial reserves of scandium (as a byproduct of iron ore processing),[14] titanium (as both ilmenite and rutile),[15] zirconium[16] and mercury.[17] Mercury mining and processing by the Nikitovka Mines in Horlivka ceased in 1991 and the mine equipment has been partially converted for fluorescent lamp recycling. Emission of mercury from burning high-mercury Horlivka coals remains an environmental hazard.[18]
Iron and steel industry
Metal production, thousand metric tonnes[8][clarification needed] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commodity | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
Primary aluminium | 114 | 113 | 114 | 113 | 113 |
Ferromanganese | 250 | 375.99 | 359 | 373 | 368 |
Ferronickel | 60 | 60 | 60 | 90 | 90 |
Ferrosilicon | 250 | 248.06 | 228 | 169 | 218 |
Silicomanganese | 740 | 1,060 | 1,046 | 1,168 | 1,281 |
Gold (USGS estimate) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Pig iron | 29,570 | 31,060 | 30,747 | 32,926 | 35,600 |
Crude steel | 36,900 | 38,738 | 38,636 | 42,899 | 42,830 |
Refined lead (USGS estimate) | 13 | 15 | 61 | 56 | 62 |
Uranium | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.72 |
In 2000-2007 ferrous metallurgy expanded owing to a global rise in demand and prices. In 2007 crude steel production peaked at 42.8 million tonnes. 78% of it was exported—mostly to
Non-ferrous metals
Ukrainian
Ukrainian
Ukrainian metallurgical companies
Notes
- ^ Oxford Business Group 2007, p. 100.
- ^ a b Global Crude Steel Production in 2009 down 8% on the same 2008 period Archived 2006-12-19 at archive.today. Iron and Steel Statistics Bureau (London).
- ^ a b c Levine et al., p. 44.1
- ^ RCE=38.5 in 2006 (OECD 2007, p. 108, table 3.1)
- ^ a b c d e Levine et al., p. 44.2
- ^ a b c d e f g Levine et al., p. 44.3
- ^ a b c d e f g h Levine et al., p. 44.4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h USGS tables accompanying The Mineral Industry of Ukraine 2007 (MS Excel). 2007 Mineral Yearbook. United States Geological Survey.
- ^ a b MCS-2010, p. 79. The global total does not include the bulk of American reserve base which is of too low grade to be commercially viable.
- ^ MCS-2010, p. 99. South African reserves stand close at 130 million tonnes.
- ^ a b Margantsevye rudy Ukrainy (Марганцевые руды Украины) (in Russian).
- ^ MCS-2008, p. 105.
- ^ Levine et al., pp. 44.4-44.5.
- ^ MCS-2010, p. 141.
- ^ MCS-2010, p. 173.
- ^ MCS-2010, p. 187.
- ^ MCS-2010, p. 101.
- ^ Mercury Exposure in Ukraine Archived 2010-03-07 at the Wayback Machine. United States Geological Service. Note: Article uses Russian toponyms, i.e. Gorlovka for Ukrainian Horlivka.
- ^ a b Oxford Business Group 2008, p. 117.
- ^ 2007: 114 of 36,900 thousand tonnes. MCS-2010, p. 17.
- ^ ZALK ostanavlivaet proizvodstvo (Запорожский алюминиевый комбинат останавливает производство) Korrespondent.net based on Kommersant Ukraine publications. November 4, 2008 (in Russian).
References
- John Hughes (businessman)
- Emerson, Michael (2006). The prospect of deep free trade between the European Union and Ukraine. Brussels: ISBN 92-9079-623-5.
- Harris, James R. (1999). The Great Urals: regionalism and the evolution of the Soviet system. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3478-5.
- Levine, R. M.; Brininstool, M.; Wallace, G. L. (2010). The Mineral Industry of Ukraine, in: 2007 Mineral Yearbook (advance release). United States Geological Survey.
- McKay, John P. (1970). Pioneers for profit; foreign entrepreneurship and Russian industrialization, 1885-1913. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-55990-4.
- ISBN 92-64-03753-5.
- Oxford Business Group (2007). The Report: Emerging Ukraine 2007. Oxford Business Group. ISBN 1-902339-68-1.
- Oxford Business Group (2008). The Report Ukraine 2008. Oxford Business Group. ISBN 1-902339-03-7.
- Rudnytsky, Stepan (1918). Ukraine, the Land and Its People: An Introduction to Its Geography. New York City. 2009 reprint: Bibliobazaar LLC, ISBN 1-113-48834-4.
- Seigelbaum, Lewis and Walkowitz, Daniel (1995). Workers of the Donbass speak: survival and identity in the new Ukraine, 1989. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-2485-5.
- Subbotin, A. (2005). Radioactive dust pollution around the dumps of the uranium deposit, in: Proceedings of the International Workshop in Geoenvironment and Geotechnics (GEOENV 2005): 12–14 September 2005, Milos Conference Center, George Eliopoulos, Milos Greece. Heliotopos Conferences. ISBN 960-88153-7-1.
- Swain, Adam (2007). Re-constructing the post-Soviet industrial region: the Donbas in transition. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32228-6.
- ISBN 978-1-4113-2666-8.
- ISBN 978-1-4113-2076-5.