Pacifism in Islam

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Different Muslim movements through history had linked pacifism with

Muslim theology.[1][2][3] However, warfare has been an integral part of Islamic history both for the defense and the spread of the faith since the time of Muhammad.[4][5][6][7]

Peace is an important aspect of Islam, and Muslims are encouraged to strive for peace and peaceful solutions to all problems. However, the teachings in the Qur'an and Hadith allow for wars to be fought if they can be justified.[8] According to James Turner Johnson, there is no normative tradition of pacifism in Islam.[9]

Prior to the

Hijra travel Muhammad struggled non-violently against his opposition in Mecca.[10] It was not until after the exile that the Quranic revelations began to adopt a more offensive perspective.[11] Fighting in self-defense is not only legitimate but considered obligatory upon Muslims, according to the Qur'an. The Qur'an, however, says that should the enemy's hostile behavior cease, then the reason for engaging the enemy also lapses.[12]

History

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Abdul Ghaffar Khan with Mahatma Gandhi.
Further information:
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and Khudai Khidmatgar

Prior to the

Muslim history since the time of Muhammad,[9] with violence mentioned in Quranic revelations after their exile from Mecca.[15]

In the 13th century,

Suwarian tradition.[1][2]

The Senegalese sufi sheykh Amadou Bamba (1850–1927) spearheaded a non-violent resistance movement against French colonialism in West Africa. Amadou Bamba repeatedly rejected calls for jihad against the Europeans, preaching hard work, piety and education as the best means to resist the oppression and exploitation of his people.

The earliest massive non-violent implementation of

Egyptian Revolution of 1919.[16] Zaghloul Pasha, considered the mastermind behind this massive civil disobedience, was a native middle-class, Azhar graduate, political activist, judge, parliamentary and ex-Cabinet Minister whose leadership brought Muslim and Christian communities together as well as women into the massive protests. Along with his companions of Wafd Party
, who started campaigning in 1914, they have achieved independence of Egypt and a first constitution in 1923.

According to Margaret Chatterjee,

Sufi Islam. She states that Gandhi was acquainted with the Sufi Chishti Order, whose Khanqah gatherings he attended, and was influenced by Sufi values such as humility, selfless devotion, identification with the poor, belief in human brotherhood, the oneness of God, and the concept of Fana.[17] David Hardiman notes that Gandhi's garb was similar that of Sufi pirs and fakirs, which was also noted by Winston Churchill when he compared Gandhi to a fakir.[18] According to Amitabh Pal, Gandhi followed a strand of Hinduism that bore similarities to Sufi Islam.[19] During the Indian independence movement, several Muslim organizations played a key role in nonviolent resistance against British colonial rule, including Khān Abdul Ghaffār Khān and his followers, as well as the All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah
.

Jalalabad, Afghanistan. Tens of thousands of mourners attended his funeral, marching through the Khyber Pass from Peshawar to Jalalabad, although it was marred by two bomb explosions killing 15 people. Despite the heavy fighting at the time, both sides of the Soviet–Afghan War, the communist army and the mujahideen, declared a ceasefire to allow his burial.[26]

The Palestinian activist Nafez Assaily has been notable for his bookmobile service in Hebron dubbed "Library on Wheels for Nonviolence and Peace",[27] and hailed as a "creative Muslim exponent of non-violent activism".[28]

The

general strikes, boycotts of Israeli Civil Administration institutions in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, an economic boycott consisting of refusal to work in Israeli settlements on Israeli products, refusal to pay taxes, refusal to drive Palestinian cars with Israeli licenses, graffiti, and barricading.[31][32] Pearlman attributes the non-violent character of the uprising to the movement's internal organization and its capillary outreach to neighborhood committees that ensured that lethal revenge would not be the response even in the face of Israeli state repression.[33]

See also

Further reading

  • Ferguson, John. "War and Peace in the World's Religion", 1978

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8214-4397-2
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-3-643-90360-0
    .
  3. ^ An American Witness to India's Partition by Phillips Talbot Year (2007)
  4. ^ "Islamic Imperialism | Yale University Press".
  5. ^ Lews, Bernard, Islam and the West, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 9–10
  6. ISBN 978-0-19-991636-8
    .
  7. ISBN 9780521484558
    .
  8. ^ "What does pacifism mean in Islam?". BBC. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-0-271-04214-5
    .
  10. ^ a b Boulding, Elise. "Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History", p. 57
  11. ^ Howard, Lawrence. "Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses", p. 48
  12. ^ Afsaruddin, Asma (2007). Views of Jihad Throughout History. Religion Compass 1 (1), pp. 165–69.
  13. ^ Nonviolence in the Islamic Context by Mohammed Abu Nimer 2004
  14. ISBN 978-1-139-48904-1
    .
  15. ^ Howard, Lawrence. Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses, p. 48
  16. ^ Zunes, Stephen (1999:42), Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective, Blackwell Publishing{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ISBN 9788185002460
    .
  18. ISBN 978-1-85065-711-8
    .
  19. ISBN 978-1-317-27197-0
    .
  20. ISBN 978-0-7619-3618-3
  21. ISBN 9788170222866
    .
  22. ISBN 978-1-929223-66-4
    . Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  23. ^ "Abdul Ghaffar Khan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  24. ^ "Abdul Ghaffar Khan". I Love India. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  25. ^ "Partition and Military Succession Documents from the U.S. National Archives". Icdc.com. Retrieved 2016-09-04.
  26. New York Times
  27. ^ Minke De Vries, Verso una gratuità feconda. L'avventura ecumenica di Grandchamp, Paoline, 2008 p.173
  28. ^ Jerry Levin,West Bank Diary: Middle East Violence as Reported by a Former American Hostage, Hope Publishing House, Pasadena, California 2005 p.xx
  29. ^ Ruth Margolies Beitler, The Path to Mass Rebellion: An Analysis of Two Intifadas, Lexington Books, 2004 p.xi.
  30. ISBN 978-0-19-955201-6
    .
  31. ^ BBC: A History of Conflict
  32. ^ Walid Salem, 'Human Security from Below: Palestinian Citizens Protection Strategies, 1988–2005,' in Monica den Boer, Jaap de Wilde (eds.), The Viability of Human Security, Amsterdam University Press, 2008 pp. 179–201 p. 190.
  33. ^ Wendy Pearlman, Violence, Nonviolence, and the Palestinian National Movement, Cambridge University Press 2011, p. 107.
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