Patani Kingdom

Sultanate of Patani كسلطانن ڤطاني Kesultanan Pattani
c. 1400–1902
Classical Malay; court language Kelantan-Pattani Malay; spoken daily language)
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Monarchy
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Established	c. 1400
• Conquest by Siam in 1786, later followed by annexation	1902
Preceded by Succeeded by Langkasuka Rattanakosin Kingdom Kelantan Darul Naim
Today part of	Thailand Malaysia

Patani, or the Sultanate of Patani (

The golden age of Patani started during the reign of the first of its four successive queens, Raja Hijau (The Green Queen), who came to the throne in 1584 and was followed by Raja Biru (The Blue Queen), Raja Ungu (The Purple Queen) and Raja Kuning (The Yellow Queen). During this period the kingdom's economic and military strength was greatly increased to the point that it was able to fight off four major Siamese invasions. It had declined by the late 17th century and it was invaded by Siam in 1786, which eventually absorbed the state after its last raja was deposed in 1902.

Predecessors

An early kingdom in the Patani area was the

However, some think Patani was the same country known to the Chinese as Pan Pan.

The region had been subject to Thai control for some time. In the 14th century CE, King

Founding legends

Folklore suggests the name Patani means "this beach" which is "pata ni" in the local Malay language. In this story, a ruler went hunting one day and saw a beautiful white mouse-deer the size of a goat, which then disappeared. He asked his men where the animal had gone, and they replied: "Pata ni lah!" This ruler then ordered a town be built where the mouse-deer had disappeared it was then named after "this beach". The founder is named in some sources as either Sri Wangsa or Phaya Tunakpa, a ruler of Kota Malikha or Kota Mahligai.^[5][6] The first ruler of Patani (some sources say his son) later converted to Islam and took the name Sultan Ismail Shah or Mahmud Shah.^[7]

The Hikayat Patani which tells the story, also mentions that the ruler met an old fisherman there, who replied "Encik Tani" ("Mister Tani") when asked his name.^[3] An alternative suggestion is therefore that the town was named after the old fisherman, Pak Tani (Father Tani), who was sent by a king from the interior to survey the coast, to find a place for an appropriate settlement. After he established a successful fishing outpost, other people moved to join him. The town that grew into a prosperous trading center would continue to bear his name.^{[citation needed]}

Early history

Patani has been suggested to be founded some time between 1350 and 1450, although its history before 1500 is unclear.

Patani became more important after Malacca was captured by the Portuguese in 1511 as Muslim traders sought alternative trading ports. A Dutch source indicates that most of the traders were Chinese, but 300 Portuguese traders had also settled in Patani by 1540s.^[4]

Sultan Ismail Shah was succeeded by Mudhaffar Shah. This period saw the rise of

The sultan of Patani Mudhaffar Shah attacked Ayutthaya in 1563. King Chakkraphat fled the city for two months but Mudhaffar failed to take the throne.[3] He died suddenly in 1564 on his way back to Patani. His brother Sultan Manzur Shah (1564–1572) who was left in charge in Patani while he was away then became the ruler of Patani.

Manzur Shah ruled for nine years, and after his death, Patani entered a period of political instability and violence. Two of its rulers were murdered by their relatives in fights for succession. The nine-year-old Raja Patik Siam (son of Mudhaffar Shah) and the regent (his aunt Raja Aisyah), were both murdered by his brother Raja Mambang, who was in turn killed. The son of Manzur Shah, Raja Bahdur, succeeded at the age of 10, but was later murdered by his half-brother Raja Bima after a dispute, and Raja Bima was himself killed.^[6]

Four queens of Patani

Raja Hijau and the golden age of Patani

Raja Hijau (or Ratu Hijau, the Green Queen) came to the throne in 1584, apparently the result of a lack of male heirs after they were all killed in the turbulent preceding period, and became the first queen of Patani. Raja Hijau acknowledged Siamese authority, and adopted the title of peracau derived from the Siamese royal title phra chao. Early in her reign she saw off an attempted coup by her prime minister, Bendahara Kayu Kelat. She also ordered that a channel be dug with a river dammed to divert water to ensure the supply of water to Patani.

Raja Hijau ruled for 32 years, and brought considerable stability to the country. During her reign, trade with the outside increased, and as a result Pattani prospered. It also become a centre of culture, producing high quality works of music, dance, drama and handicraft. An Englishman Peter Floris who visited Patani in 1612–1613 described a dance performed in Patani as the finest he had seen in the Indies.^[11]

Growth as a trade entrepot

Chinese merchants were important in the rise of Patani as a regional trade center. Chinese, Malay and Siamese merchants traded throughout the area, as well as Persians, Indians and Arabs. They were joined by others including the

After Raja Biru died in 1624, she was succeeded by her younger sister Raja Ungu (the Purple Queen). Raja Ungu, however, was more confrontational towards the Siamese, and abandoned the title Siamese title peracau, using instead the title paduka syah alam ("her excellency ruler of the world"). She stopped paying the Bunga mas tribute to Siam, and formed an alliance with Johor, marrying her daughter (who later became Raja Kuning) off to their ruler Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III. However, her daughter was already married to the king of Bordelong (Phatthalung), Okphaya Déca, who prompted the Siamese to attack Patani in 1633–1634. Siam, however, failed to take Patani.^[11]

The Yellow Queen and decline

Raja Ungu died in 1634, to be succeeded by the last of four successive female rulers of Patani Raja Kuning (or Ratu Kuning, the Yellow Queen). The war with Siam had caused considerable suffering to Patani as well as a significant decline in trade, and Raja Kuning adopted a more conciliatory stance towards the Siamese. The Siamese had intended to attack Patani again in 1635, but the Raja of Kedah intervened to help with the negotiation. In 1641, Raja Kuning visited the Ayutthaya court to resume good relation.^[15] The power of the queen had declined by this period, and she did not appear to wield any significant political power.^[11] In 1646, Patani joined other tributary states to rebel against Ayutthaya, but was later subdued by Ayutthaya.^[15]

Kelantanese rajas

According to Kelantanese sources, Raja Kuning was deposed in 1651 by the Raja of

When Phetracha took control of Ayutthaya in 1688, Patani refused to acknowledge his authority and rebelled. Ayutthaya then invaded with 50,000 men and subdued Patani.^[16] Following the invasion, political disorder continued for five decades, during which the local rulers were helpless to end the lawlessness of the region, and most foreign merchants abandoned trade with Patani. Towards the end of the 17th century, Patani was described in Chinese sources as sparsely populated and barbaric.^[11]

Reassertion of Thai power

In the 18th century, Ayutthaya under King

King

Patani in the Bangkok Period

Patani was easily defeated by Siam in 1786 and resumed its tributary status. The city of Patani itself was sacked and destroyed, and a new town was later created a few miles to the west. However, a series of attempted rebellions prompted

In 1902, in a bid to assert full control of Patani, Siam arrested and deposed the last raja of Patani after he refused Siam's demand for administrative reform, thus ending Patani as an independent state.^[17]

Chronology of rulers

Inland dynasty (Sri Wangsa)

1. Chau Sri Wangsa (c. 1488–1511), the
   Siamese prince said in some sources to have conquered Kota Mahligai and founded the settlement of Patani, converted to Islam, took on the title of Sri Sultan Ahmad Shah.^[18][8]
2. Raja Intera/Phaya Tu Nakpa/Sultan Ismail Shah/Mahmud Shah (d. 1530?), founder of the kingdom according to one account^[citation needed], and the first ruler to convert to Islam. In fact, other rulers must have preceded him. It is also likely that during his reign the Portuguese first visited the port to trade, arriving in 1516.
3. Sultan Mudhaffar Shah (c. 1530–1564), son of Sultan Ismail Shah, who died during an attack on
   Siam
   ).
4. Sultan Manzur Shah (1564–1572), brother of Sultan Mudhaffar Shah.
5. Sultan Patik Siam (1572–1573), son of Sultan Mudhaffar Shah, who was murdered by his half-brother, Raja Bambang.
6. Sultan Bahdur (1573–1584), son of Sultan Manzur Shah, who was considered a tyrant in most accounts.
7. Malays, Portuguese, Siamese
   , and other merchants.
8. Ratu Biru
   (the Blue Queen) (1616–1624), sister of Ratu Hijau.
9. Ratu Ungu
   (the Purple Queen) (1624–1635), sister of Ratu Biru, who was particularly opposed to Siamese interference in local affairs.
10. Ratu Kuning (the Yellow Queen) (1635–1651^[11]
    ), daughter of Ratu Ungu and last queen of the Inland dynasty. Controversy surrounds the exact date of the end of her reign.

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Prehistoric Malaysia Paleolithic  Lenggong Valley c. 2.000.0000 BCE  Mansuli Valley 235,000 BCE Mesolithic  Niah cultures 65,000–40,000 BCE Neolithic  Bewah man/woman 16,000 BCE  Perak man/woman 11,000–200 BCE  Neolithic Klang 500 – 200 BCE
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Colonial era Portuguese Malacca 1511–1641 Dutch–Portuguese War 1601–1661 Acehnese conquest of Perak 1620 Dutch Malacca 1641–1824 Pahang Kingdom 1770–1881 Straits Settlements 1786–1946 Siamese invasion of Kedah 1821–1826 Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824 Burney Treaty 1826 Naning War 1831–1832 Kingdom of Sarawak 1841–1946 Separation of Perlis from Kedah 1843 Crown Colony of Labuan 1848–1946 Pahang Civil War 1857–1863 Larut Wars 1861–1874 Klang War 1867–1874 Pangkor Treaty 1874 Perak War 1875–1876 British Malaya / Borneo 1874–1946 Jementah Civil War 1879 North Borneo 1882–1946 Pahang Uprising 1891–1895 Mat Salleh Rebellion 1894–1905 Federated Malay States 1895–1946 Anglo-Siamese Treaty 1909 Unfederated Malay States 1909–1946 Battle of Penang 1914 Kelantan rebellion 1915
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First Kelantanese dynasty

1. Raja Bakal (1651–1670),[11] after a brief invasion of Patani by his father in 1649, Raja Sakti I of Kelantan, he was given the throne in Patani.
2. Raja Mas Kelantan (Queen) (1670–1698),^[11] thought by Teeuw & Wyatt to be a king, but claimed by al-Fatani to be a queen, the widow of Raja Bakal and mother of the succeeding queen.
3. Raja Mas Chayam (Queen) (1698–1702 (1st reign) and 1716–1718 (2nd reign)),^[11] daughter of the two preceding rulers, according to al-Fatani.
4. Raja Dewi (Queen) (1702–1711)^[11]
5. Raja Bendang Badan (1716–1720 or ?–1715), he was afterwards raja of Kelantan, 1715–1733.
6. Raja Laksamana Dajang (1720–1721; Fatani gives no dates).
7. Raja Alung Yunus (1728–1729 or 1718–1729).
8. Raja Yunus (1729–1749).
9. Raja Long Nuh (1749–1771).
10. Sultan Muhammad (1771–1785).
11. Tengku Lamidin (1785–1791).
12. Datuk Pengkalan (1791–1808).

Second Kelantanese dynasty

1. Sultan Phraya Long Muhammad Ibni Raja Muda Kelantan/Raja Kampong Laut Tuan Besar Long Ismail Ibni Raja Long Yunus (1842–1856)
2. Tuan Long Puteh Bin Sultan Phraya Long Muhammad (Phraya Pattani II) (1856–1881)
3. Tuan Besar Bin Tuan Long Puteh (Phraya Pattani III) (1881–1890)
4. Tuan Long Bongsu Bin Sultan Phraya Long Muhammad (Sultan Sulaiman Sharafuddin Syah / Phraya Pattani IV)(1890–1898)
5. Sultan Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin Syah (Phraya Pattani V) deposed in 1902 had descendants:
   • Tengku Sri Akar Ahmad Zainal Abidin
   • Tengku Mahmood Mahyidden
   • Tengku Besar Zubaidah, married Tengku Ismail the son of Tuan Long Besar (Phraya Pattani III), had descendants:
     • Tengku Budriah of Perlis
       , Raja Perempuan of Perlis and Raja Permaisuri Agong (1924–2008)
     • Tengku Ahmad Rithaudeen
       , former Minister of Trade and Industry, Defence, Information, Foreign Affairs and Member of the Dewan Rakyat in Kota Bharu (1929–2022)
     • Tengku Noor Zakiah, Malaysian Stockbroker, chairman of KIBB (Kenanga International Bank Berhad) (1926–)
     • Tengku Kamaruzzaman

See also

• Kingdom of Reman
• Pattani Province
• Pattani (region)
• South Thailand insurgency
• Yawi language
• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

References