Phencyclidine
Clinical data | |
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Trade names | Sernyl, Sernylan (both discontinued) |
Other names | CI-395; Phenylcyclohexylpiperidine; "Angel dust"[1] |
AHFS/Drugs.com | phencyclidine |
Dependence liability | Physical: Low[2]
Dissociative hallucinogens[7] |
ATC code |
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Legal status | |
Legal status |
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Metabolites | PCHP, PPC, PCAA |
Onset of action | 2–60 min[9] |
Elimination half-life | 7–46 hours |
Duration of action | 6–48 hours[9] |
Excretion | Urine |
Identifiers | |
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JSmol) | |
Melting point | 46.5 °C (115.7 °F) |
Boiling point | 136 °C (277 °F) |
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Data page | |
Phencyclidine (data page) | |
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Phencyclidine or phenylcyclohexyl piperidine (PCP), also known in its use as a
PCP is most commonly used in the United States.[14] While usage peaked in the US in the 1970s,[15] between 2005 and 2011 an increase in visits to emergency departments as a result of the drug occurred.[10] As of 2017 in the United States, about 1% of people in 12th grade reported using PCP in the prior year while 2.9% of those over the age of 25 reported using it at some point in their lives.[16]
Recreational uses
Phencyclidine is used for its ability to induce a dissociative state.[17]
Effects
Behavioral effects can vary by dosage. Low doses produce a numbness in the extremities and intoxication, characterized by staggering, unsteady gait, slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, and loss of balance. Moderate doses (5–10 mg intranasal, or 0.01–0.02 mg/kg intramuscular or intravenous) will produce
Psychological effects include severe changes in
Studies by the Drug Abuse Warning Network in the 1970s show that media reports of PCP-induced violence are greatly exaggerated and that incidents of violence are unusual and often limited to individuals with reputations for aggression regardless of drug use.[21]: 48 Although uncommon, events of PCP-intoxicated individuals acting in an unpredictable fashion, possibly driven by their delusions or hallucinations, have been publicized.[22] Other commonly cited types of incidents include inflicting property damage and self-mutilation of various types, such as pulling one's own teeth.[21]: 48 [22] These effects were not noted in its medicinal use in the 1950s and 1960s, however, and reports of physical violence on PCP have often been shown to be unfounded.[23][24]
Recreational doses of the drug also occasionally appear to induce a psychotic state, with emotional and cognitive impairment that resembles a schizophrenic episode.[25][26] Users generally report feeling detached from reality.[27]
Symptoms are summarized by the mnemonic device RED DANES: rage, erythema (redness of skin), dilated pupils, delusions, amnesia, nystagmus (oscillation of the eyeball when moving laterally), excitation, and skin dryness.[28]
Addiction
PCP is self-administered and induces
Schizophrenia
A 2019 review found that the transition rate from a diagnosis of hallucinogen-induced psychosis (which included PCP) to that of schizophrenia was 26%. This was lower than cannabis-induced psychosis (34%) but higher than amphetamine (22%), opioid (12%), alcohol (10%), and sedative (9%) induced psychoses. In comparison, the transition rate to schizophrenia for "brief, atypical and not otherwise specified" psychosis was found to be 36%.[31]
Methods of administration
PCP is easily accessible because of the various routes of administration available. Most commonly, the powder form of the drug is snorted. PCP can also be orally ingested, injected subcutaneously or intravenously, or smoked laced with marijuana or cigarettes.[32]
- PCP can be ingested through smoking. "Fry" and "sherm" are street terms for marijuana or tobacco cigarettes that are dipped in PCP and then dried.[33]
- PCP hydrochloride can be insufflated (snorted), depending upon the purity. This is most often referred to as "angel dust".[32]
- An oral pill can also be compressed from the co-compounded powder form of the drug. This is usually referred to as "peace pill".[32]
- The free base is hydrophobic and may be absorbed through skin and mucus membranes (often inadvertently). This form of the drug is commonly called "wack".[32]
Management of intoxication
Management of PCP intoxication mostly consists of supportive care – controlling breathing, circulation, and body temperature – and, in the early stages, treating psychiatric symptoms.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Site | Ki ( nM ) |
Action | Species | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
NMDA |
44–59 | Antagonist | Human | [41][42] |
MOR |
>10,000 | ND | Human | [41] |
DOR |
>10,000 | ND | Human | [41] |
KOR |
>10,000 | ND | Human | [41] |
NOP | >10,000 | ND | Human | [41] |
σ1 | >10,000 | Agonist | Guinea pig | [41][43] |
σ2 | 136 | Agonist | Rat | [41] |
D2 |
>10,000 | ND | Human | [41] |
D2High |
2.7–4.3 144 (EC50) |
Partial Agonist | Rat/human Human |
[44][45] [46] |
5-HT2A | >10,000 | ND | Human | [41] |
5-HT2AHigh | ≥5,000 | Agonist? | Rat | [45][47] |
SERT | 2,234 | Inhibitor | Human | [41] |
NET | >10,000 | Inhibitor | Human | [41] |
DAT | >10,000 | Inhibitor | Human | [41] |
PCP2 |
154 | ND | Human | [42] |
[3H]5-HT uptake | 1,424 (IC50) | Inhibitor | Rat | [48] |
[3H]NIS binding | 16,628 (IC50) | Inhibitor | Rat | [48] |
[3H]DA uptake | 347 (IC50) | Inhibitor | Rat | [48] |
[3H]CFT binding | 1,547 (IC50) | Inhibitor | Rat | [48] |
Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. |
PCP is well known for its primary action on the
Research also indicates that PCP inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) among other mechanisms. Analogues of PCP exhibit varying potency at nACh receptors[55] and NMDA receptors.[56] Findings demonstrate that presynaptic nAChRs and NMDA receptor interactions influence postsynaptic maturation of glutamatergic synapses and consequently impact synaptic development and plasticity in the brain.[57] These effects can lead to inhibition of excitatory glutamate activity in certain brain regions such as the hippocampus[58] and cerebellum[59] thus potentially leading to memory loss as one of the effects of prolonged use. Acute effects on the cerebellum manifest as changes in blood pressure, breathing rate, pulse rate, and loss of muscular coordination during intoxication.[11]
PCP, like ketamine, also acts as a potent
In addition to its well explored interactions with NMDA receptors, PCP has also been shown to
Studies on rats indicate that PCP interacts indirectly with
A binding study assessed PCP at 56 sites including
Mechanism of action
Phencyclidine is a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist that blocks the activity of the NMDA receptor to cause anaesthesia and analgesia without causing cardiorespiratory depression.[64][20] NMDA is an excitatory receptor in the brain, when activated normally the receptor acts as an ion channel and there is an influx of positive ions through the channel to cause nerve cell depolarisation. Phencyclidine inhibits the NMDA receptor by binding to the specific PCP binding site located within the ion channel.[65] The PCP binding site is within close proximity to the magnesium blocking site, which may explain the similar inhibitory effects.[66] Binding at the PCP site is mediated by two non-covalent interactions within the receptor: hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction.[67] Binding is also controlled by the gating mechanism of the ion channel. Because the PCP site is located within the ion channel, a coagonist such as glycine must bind and open the channel in order for PCP to enter, bind to the PCP site, and block the channel.[68]
Neurotoxicity
Some studies found that, like other NMDA receptor antagonists, PCP can cause a kind of
PCP has also been shown to cause schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate levels in the rat brain, which are detectable both in living rats and upon necropsy examination of brain tissue.
Pharmacokinetics
PCP is both water and lipid soluble and is therefore distributed throughout the body quickly.
When smoked, some of the compound is broken down by heat into 1-phenylcyclohexene (PC) and piperidine.
The time taken before the effects of PCP manifest is dependent on the route of administration. The onset of action for inhalation occurs in 2–5 minutes, whereas the effects may take 15 to 60 minutes when ingested orally.[20]
Chemistry
PCP is an arylcyclohexylamine.
Analogues
Fewer than 30 different
The generalized structural motif required for PCP-like activity is derived from structure-activity relationship studies of PCP derivatives. All of these derivatives are likely to share some of their psychoactive effects with PCP itself, although a range of potencies and varying mixtures of anesthetic, dissociative, and stimulant effects are known, depending on the particular drug and its substituents. In some countries such as the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, all of these compounds would be considered controlled substance analogs of PCP under the
History
Phencyclidine was initially discovered in 1926 by Arthur Kötz and his student Paul Merkel as a product of a Grignard reaction of 1-piperidinocyclohexancarbonitrile.[78]
It was again made in 1956 and brought to market as an anesthetic medication.[74][13][79][78][80] Its use in humans was disallowed in the United States in 1965 due to the high rates of side effects, while its use in animals was disallowed in 1978.[1][13][81] Moreover, ketamine was discovered and was better tolerated as an anesthetic.[81]
PCP is classified as a
Society and culture
Regulation
PCP is a Schedule II substance in the United States and its ACSCN is 7471.[82] Its manufacturing quota for 2014 was 19 grams.[83]
It is a Schedule I drug by the Controlled Drugs and Substances act in Canada, a List I drug of the Opium Law in the Netherlands, and a Class A substance in the United Kingdom.[84]
Frequency of use
PCP began to emerge as a
Cultural depictions
Jean-Michel Basquiat depicted two angel dust users in his 1982 painting Dustheads.[85]
In Vivienne Medrano's adult animated musical comedy television series Hazbin Hotel, Angel Dust is an adult film star in Hell and one of the main protagonists.[86] He is known to struggle with addiction to phencyclidine, currently and during his time on earth. Additionally his canon cause of death is overdose by phencyclidine, naming himself after the drug.[87]
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- ^ Nag A (April 11, 2013). "Christie's Evening Auction to present a major painting by Jean-Michel Basquiat". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
- ^ "Prime Video Debuts Teaser of an Original Song and Announces Main Cast for Hazbin Hotel at New York Comic Con". press.amazonstudios.com. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
- ^ HAZBIN HOTEL Charity Sketch Request Stream Ft. Vivziepop, Cherri Bomb, and Angel Dust!. Retrieved 2024-02-22 – via YouTube.
External links
- Erowid.org – PCP Information
- National Institute of Drug Abuse InfoFacts: PCP (Phencyclidine) Archived 2012-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
- Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets on Phencyclidine
- Phencyclidine and Ketamine: A View From the Street-1981 article on the use and effects of PCP Archived 2019-01-21 at the Wayback Machine
- "Phencyclidine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.